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When AI & Human Worlds Collide
Can we imagine a future where synthetic AI worlds shape ours?
Using light to control brain cells explains how he made his Nobel-winning discovery
2026 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine honored Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel for their work developing optogenetics – a technique that allows researchers to control the activity of neurons with light.
The Conversation Weekly podcast talked to Karl Deisseroth, a neuroscientist at Stanford University, about his journey developing optogenetics and its potential to treat a wide range of neuropsychiatric conditions. What follows is an edited transcript of the podcast.
Take us back to the early 1990s. You’re training to be a doctor and you start a rotation working with psychiatric patients. What questions about the brain did that raise for you?
The hidden math of Alzheimer’s could point to new treatments
Mathematics may hold unexpected clues to understanding Alzheimer’s disease. Scientists have developed a model showing how common metals like copper and zinc may influence the buildup of proteins associated with the disease, while also exploring possible ways to stop the process. The findings could help researchers identify promising strategies for preventing harmful plaque formation.
Scientists found a surprising driver of Alzheimer’s outside the brain
Scientists found that immune cells contributing to Alzheimer’s-related brain damage may be activated in lymph nodes outside the brain before traveling into the nervous system. Blocking this pathway in mice dramatically reduced neurodegeneration and preserved cognitive abilities, pointing to a potentially more accessible treatment target.
First comprehensive Mars soil classification offers framework for exploration and future farming
A Ph.D. student at the University of Sydney has produced the first comprehensive classification system and map of Martian soils, creating a new framework that could help scientists compare landscapes across the Red Planet and identify promising locations for future exploration, habitation and food production.
The research, led by Daniel Irving from the Sydney Institute of Agriculture and the Faculty of Science, proposes a new term for Martian soil classes: “areths,” derived from Ares, the Greek name for Mars.
Published in the journal CATENA, the research uses orbital observations and models to classify almost 800 million locations across Mars into a hierarchy of 2,000 soil classes and presents a global map showing where they occur.
Solving the gallium anomaly: New calculation may explain neutrino shortfall without invoking new particles
Glimpses of the “gallium anomaly” were first seen in the mid-1990s, but it was first clearly discovered and stated in 2007 by neutrino physicist Carlo Giunti of Italy. The problem is simple to state but potentially very important: about 20% fewer electron neutrinos were seen to be captured by gallium nuclei than expected.
But now the anomaly looks to be explained with a new calculation by a collaboration of physicists at Italian universities and research laboratories—and the calculation agrees with the observed number of electron neutrinos captured. Their work is published in the journal Physical Review Letters.
When an electron neutrino (one of the three types of neutrinos) collides with a neutron in the nucleus of gallium-71 (⁷¹Ga), an electron is produced and the neutron transforms to a proton as a down quark converts to an up quark. The gallium nucleus then becomes a germanium-71 (⁷¹Ge) nucleus. This is a weak force interaction with a W+ particle exchange, a so-called charged-current weak interaction, and was historically important to the solar neutrino problem recognized in the 1960s.
Plants shift gene activity within minutes of entering spaceflight, experiment reveals
Plants begin responding to spaceflight almost immediately after leaving Earth, according to a new University of Florida study that captured the earliest stages of biological adaptation during a commercial suborbital mission. Published in the journal npj Microgravity, the study reports the results of an experiment conducted by a UF astronaut during Blue Origin’s New Shepard NS-26 flight on Aug. 29, 2024.
For more than two decades, UF space biologists Rob Ferl and Anna-Lisa Paul have worked together to understand how living organisms respond to spaceflight. For this study, they designed an experiment to capture biological changes during different phases of a mission.
Scientists have long studied how plants and other organisms respond after spending days, weeks or months in space. Much less has been known about the biological changes that occur during the first minutes of spaceflight and how those responses change as a mission unfolds.