For the first time in Earth’s history, one species can rewrite its own genome, rebuild its own brain, and design entirely new forms of intelligence. That combination makes Homo sapiens look less like evolution’s end point and more like a transitional form: an ancestral species whose descendants may be biological, mechanical, or something in between. The way future humans remember us may depend on how seriously our generation takes its role as the first conscious ancestor.

Imagine a descendant civilization, thousands or millions of years from now, trying to reconstruct its origins. Its members might not have bones or blood. They might be born in free-fall habitats orbiting other stars, or instantiated as software in computational substrates that current engineers can barely imagine. Their analysts would comb through archives from a small blue planet called Earth and conclude that the strange, warlike primates who built the first rockets and the first neural networks were not the culmination of evolution, but an ancestral phase.

That premise — the idea that present-day humans are an ancestral species for future humans and other intelligent beings — is beginning to migrate from science fiction into serious scientific and philosophical discussion. Advances in gene editing, synthetic biology, space medicine, brain–computer interfaces and artificial intelligence all point toward a future in which “intelligent beings” no longer form a single species, or even share a single kind of body. The more that picture comes into focus, the more it forces a rethinking of what “being human” means.