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Tiny stars, many Earths: Potentially habitable worlds may be especially common around low-mass stars

According to the latest studies led by Heidelberg University astronomers, low-mass stars quite often host Earth-like planets. Data collected as part of the CARMENES project were the basis of this finding. By analyzing the data, an international research team succeeded in identifying four new exoplanets and determining their properties.

At the same time, the researchers were able to show that Earth-like planets are found quite frequently in the orbit of stars with less than a sixth of the mass of our sun. These findings could support the search for potentially life-sustaining worlds in our cosmic neighborhood. The work is published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

The CARMENES spectrograph system at the Calar Alto Observatory near Almería (Spain) was developed and built at the Königstuhl Observatory of Heidelberg University. It aids astronomers in the search for exoplanets that orbit so-called M-dwarfs. These stars have a mass of less than one-tenth to half the mass of our sun. M-dwarfs are the most abundant stars in our galaxy. They exhibit tiny periodic movements caused by the of orbiting planets, from which researchers can infer the existence of previously undiscovered worlds.

Researchers demonstrate giant photonic isolation and gyration

The original goal of the study was to get this asymmetry to a point of perfect isolation—that is, where there is zero interaction in one direction. They successfully achieved this goal by demonstrating a giant optical isolation effect, where the propagation of light in one direction was a million times easier than in the opposite direction.

But while exploring their test devices, the engineers encountered a surprise. Their approach was so efficient that they could even get past the isolation point to where the sign of the coupling simply flipped and the phase became direction dependent. This was something that had not been seen before in time modulated coupling and is an easy path to photonic gyration.

Going forward, the Illinois researchers will work to expand their findings. They are working with their partners specializing in condensed matter to explore how longer and more elaborate chains of resonators with this kind of tunable couplings could answer fundamental questions on topological physics. Simultaneously, from an engineering standpoint, they aim to create a pure gyrator which is a universal building block of many nonreciprocal devices.

Physicists Unravel Mystery of Mercury’s Bizarre Nuclear Fission

A five-dimensional model has successfully predicted the asymmetric fission of mercury isotopes, offering new insights into nuclear fission processes beyond the well-studied elements uranium and plutonium. A five-dimensional (5D) Langevin model developed by an international team of researchers, in

Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness

The problem concerns the mathematical properties of solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations, a system of partial differential equations that describe the motion of a fluid in space. Solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations are used in many practical applications. However, theoretical understanding of the solutions to these equations is incomplete. In particular, solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations often include turbulence, which remains one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics, despite its immense importance in science and engineering.

New theoretical framework reveals hidden complexity in black hole ringdown signals

In a recently published paper in Physical Review Letters, scientists propose a comprehensive theoretical framework indicating that gravitational wave signals from black hole mergers are more complex than earlier anticipated.

When two black holes merge in the cosmos, the cataclysmic event doesn’t end with a simple collision. The newly formed black hole continues to vibrate like a struck bell, producing gravitational waves in what scientists call the “ringdown” phase.

Researchers found that the cosmic reverberations involve sophisticated quadratic mode couplings—secondary oscillations that develop when primary modes interact with each other. This nonlinear behavior had been predicted in Einstein’s theory of , but has never been fully characterized until now.

Physicists recreate forgotten experiment observing fusion

A Los Alamos collaboration has replicated an important but largely forgotten physics experiment: the first deuterium-tritium (DT) fusion observation. As described in the article published in Physical Review C, the reworking of the previously unheralded experiment confirmed the role of University of Michigan physicist Arthur Ruhlig, whose 1938 experiment and observation of deuterium-tritium fusion likely planted the seed for a physics process that informs national security work and nuclear energy research to this day.

“As we’ve uncovered, Ruhlig’s contribution was to hypothesize that DT fusion happens with very high probability when deuterium and tritium are brought sufficiently close together,” said Mark Chadwick, associate Laboratory director for Science, Computation and Theory at Los Alamos. “Replicating his experiment helped us interpret his work and better understand his role, and what proved to be his essentially correct conclusions. The course of nuclear fuel physics has borne out the profound consequences of Arthur Ruhlig’s clever insight.”

The DT fusion reaction is central to enabling fusion technologies, whether as part of the nation’s nuclear deterrence capabilities or in ongoing efforts to develop fusion for civilian energy. For instance, the deuterium-tritium reaction is at the center of efforts at the National Ignition Facility to harness fusion. Los Alamos physicists developed a theory about where the idea came from—Ruhlig—and then built an experiment that would confirm the import and accuracy of Ruhlig’s suggestion.

The Minds That Left Reality | Diaspora

Greg Egan’s Diaspora is one of the most ambitious and mind-bending science fiction novels ever published. It came out in 1997 and originally started as a short story called “Wang’s Carpets.” That story ended up as a chapter in the novel. Diaspora is: dense, smart, and way ahead of its time.
This is hard science fiction to the core. Egan invents entire new branches of physics. He reimagines life, consciousness, time, space — even what it means to be human. The book doesn’t ease you in. There’s a glossary, invented physics theories like Kozuch Theory, and characters that don’t even have genders. But if you stick with it, what you get isn’t just a story, it’s a look at what the future might actually become.
By the year 2,975, humanity isn’t one species anymore. It’s split into three groups: Fleshers: The biological humans, including the “statics” (unchanged baseline humans) and all sorts of heavily modified versions — underwater people, gene-hacked thinkers, even “dream apes” who gave up speech to live closer to nature. Gleisners: AIs in robotic bodies that live in space. They care about the physical world and experience time like regular humans. They’re kind of old-school — still sending ships to the stars, trying to build things in real space. Citizens: These are digital minds that live entirely in simulated worlds called polises.

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Topological Twist for Phase Transitions

Contrary to conventional wisdom, so-called order parameters that distinguish symmetry-governed phases of matter can have topological structure.

From materials developing magnetization patterns to metals becoming superconductors, a wide range of phase transitions can be qualitatively described by a single framework known as Ginzburg-Landau theory [1, 2]. This framework generally assumes that a key quantity in its descriptions, called an order parameter, has trivial topology. But now, Canon Sun and Joseph Maciejko at the University of Alberta, Canada, have shown that order parameters can have hidden topological structure [3]. The researchers have developed an extension to Ginzburg-Landau theory that incorporates such hidden topology, revealing features absent from the original framework.

Symmetry constitutes a fundamental concept in physics. It appears in many guises but is especially important when studying how interactions of countless microscopic constituents give rise to macroscopic order in condensed-matter systems. For example, below a critical temperature, an ordinary magnet has a net magnetization because its spins all align in the same direction, breaking rotational symmetry. If the magnet is heated above that temperature, it loses its magnetization as its spins point in random directions, restoring rotational symmetry.