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Category: neuroscience

Fruit fly ‘Fox’ neurons show how brains assign value to food

Why do we sometimes keep eating even when we’re full and other times turn down food completely? Why do we crave salty things at certain times, and sweets at other times? The answers, according to new neuroscience research at the University of Delaware, may lie in a tiny brain in an organism you might not expect.

Lisha Shao, assistant professor in the Department of Biological Sciences in the College of Arts and Sciences, has uncovered a neural network in the brains of fruit flies that represents a very early step in how the brain decides—minute by minute—whether a specific food is worth eating. The work was published in the journal Current Biology.

“Our goal is to understand how the brain assigns value—why sometimes eating something is rewarding and other times it’s not,” Shao said.

Synaptic-resolution connectomics: towards large brains and connectomic screening

Connectomics has delivered on its promise to map neuronal circuits at scale and at synaptic resolution. In this Review, Helmstaedter describes recent methodological achievements and remaining challenges in synaptic-resolution connectomics while synthesizing expanding connectomic mapping ambitions that include resolving local circuits of larger brains and screening of connectomes.

Interleukin-9 Regulates NF-kB-Mediated Activation of Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis Brain

Background and ObjectivesInterleukin-9 (IL-9) is an immune molecule with multiple roles in a variety of cell types. IL-9–induced cell responses are mediated by the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R). Recent evidence demonstrates that expression of IL-9R in post mortem…

A Brain Parasite Infecting Millions Is Far Less Sleepy Than We Thought

A parasite that lives permanently in the brains of millions may not be as uniformly dormant as scientists once thought.

Researchers at the University of California, Riverside (UCR) have recently found evidence of low-level T. gondii reactivation in the brains of mice, even during long-term infection.

Today, more than a third of the world’s human population is infected by Toxoplasma gondii, a brain-invading parasite that reproduces in cats with mice and other animals acting as intermediate hosts.

Neuralink’s Brain Chip: How It Works and What It Means

Elon Musk recently announced that Neuralink, his company aiming to revolutionize brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), has successfully implanted a brain chip in a human for the first time. The implantation of the device, called “the Link,” represents a leap forward in the realm of BCIs, which record and decode brain activity, that may allow for new innovations in health care, communication, and cognitive abilities.

Though limited information on the technology is available and Neuralink’s claims have not been independently verified, here’s a look at the Link, its functionality, and the potential implications of this groundbreaking innovation.

Native postsynaptic density is a functional condensate formed via phase separation

To obtain direct evidence supporting the theory that the postsynaptic density (PSD) in neuronal synapses is formed via phase separation, Chen et al. purified and characterized the native PSD from the mouse brain. Their results demonstrate that the native PSD has characteristic features of biological condensates formed via phase separation.

Procrastination in adulthood linked to brain development during adolescence

Procrastination, the tendency to unnecessarily delay or put off tasks even if this will have negative consequences, is a common behavior for many people. While occasionally delaying or putting off bothersome tasks is not necessarily problematic, severe and prolonged procrastination is closely tied to some neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorders.

Unveiling patterns in the brain’s structure and genetic factors linked to procrastination could help to reliably uncover this tendency to postpone tasks in affected individuals. This could in turn inform the development of preventative strategies or interventions that tackle procrastination early, before it exacerbates other underlying mental health disorders.

Researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and other institutes in China recently carried out a study aimed at shedding new light on the biological and genetic roots of procrastination. Their paper, published in Molecular Psychiatry, outlines specific patterns in the brain’s structure during adolescence that are linked to procrastination in adulthood.

Prenatal exposure to air pollution associated with lower cognitive performance in early childhood

The prenatal period is a critical window for brain development, yet few studies have examined the impact of air pollution exposure during pregnancy on child cognition. A new study led by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), in collaboration with the University of Barcelona (UB), shows that prenatal exposure to pollution is associated with lower cognitive performance in newborns.

These findings highlight the importance of reducing air pollution exposure, especially during pregnancy, to protect neurodevelopment.

The study, published in Environmental Pollution, included data from 168 mother-child pairs participating in the BiSC (Barcelona Life Study Cohort) project, conducted in Barcelona between 2018 and 2023.

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