A study of 86,000 adults across Europe links multilingualism to slower biological aging. Researchers found that people who speak multiple languages tend to maintain better cognitive function and physical health than their monolingual peers.
Category: neuroscience
EGFR activation sensitizes trigeminal NMDA receptors to promote pain and morphine analgesic tolerance in oral cancer
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a painful disease that severely impairs eating, drinking, and talking (1–5). Patients with OSCC are less opioid responsive and develop opioid tolerance quicker than patients with other chronic pain conditions (6, 7). Escalating doses of opioids are required as tolerance develops, causing not only severe adverse effects (6) such as addiction but also prolonged hospitalizations and increased readmission rate in patients (8). The mechanisms underlying oral cancer pain and opioid tolerance are not well understood.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) subfamily named HER/ERBB that is aberrantly expressed in 80 to 100% of the OSCC cases (9–11). EGFR antagonism including antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved to treat many cancers, including OSCC (12–14). Clinical studies report pain relief in patients with neuropathic pain, including those associated with cancer after treatment with EGFR inhibitors (15, 16). Human genetic studies find associations between painful disease conditions and EGFR and its ligands, such as epiregulin, heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF), and transforming growth factor–α (TGFα) (17–19). In animal models, HB-EGF directly causes dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell excitation and elicits pain-like behaviors, whereas epiregulin mainly works in conjunction with underlying inflammation or tissue injury to generate pain (17, 19, 20). EGFR has also been implicated in opioid tolerance in human (21) and animal studies (20, 22, 23). Although elegant mechanistic studies suggest that EGFR can activate various pathways—through the ion channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), the kinase cascade phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)–AKT–mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), the protease matrix metalloproteinase–9 (MMP-9), or the oncogene KRAS [to tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)]—to increase pain sensitivities in mice (17, 24), these studies were done at the spinal level of noncancer pain models. It has been shown that EGFR involvement in pain is ligand and disease dependent (17, 25, 26), which warrants the investigation of EGFR signaling both in the setting of oral cancer pain that involves the trigeminal system and in opioid analgesic tolerance.
In this study, we aimed to determine how EGFR signaling contributes to oral cancer pain and opioid tolerance. We found that EGFR activation sensitizes trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and enhances glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) signaling, resulting in heightened cancer pain and diminished opioid analgesic efficacy. EGFR ligands abundant in the OSCC tumor microenvironment trigger calcium influx, NMDAR phosphorylation, and protein kinase C (PKC) up-regulation in TG neurons. Last, we showed that EGFR activation induces presynaptic and postsynaptic hypersensitivity of NMDARs in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNc) of the brainstem. Together, these findings establish EGFR-mediated NMDAR sensitization as a central mechanism underlying oral cancer pain and opioid tolerance and highlight EGFR as a promising therapeutic target.
Higher Prevalence of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in Patients With HFpEF Without Obesity
Advanced psc-based strategies for leukodystrophy therapy👇
✅Pluripotent stem cell (PSC)–based technologies are opening new avenues for the treatment of leukodystrophies by combining cell replacement, gene correction, disease modeling, and drug discovery within a unified framework.
✅One major approach focuses on the development of off-the-shelf PSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs). By precisely editing immune-related genes, PSCs can be engineered to evade immune rejection. Strategies include knocking out core components of HLA class I and II pathways while introducing protective molecules such as HLA-E, or selectively removing highly immunogenic HLA alleles. These modifications allow the generation of universal donor NPCs that are resistant to T cell– and NK cell–mediated killing.
✅Autologous induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) therapy represents a personalized treatment strategy. Patient-derived somatic cells are reprogrammed into iPSCs, followed by genetic correction of disease-causing mutations using viral vectors or CRISPR/Cas9-based editing. Corrected iPSCs are then differentiated into neural stem cells (NSCs), NPCs, or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and transplanted back into the same patient, minimizing immune complications.
✅Beyond therapy, iPSC-based disease models provide powerful tools to study leukodystrophy pathogenesis. Disease-specific iPSCs recapitulate key cellular phenotypes such as impaired differentiation, lysosomal dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. These models enable direct investigation of early developmental defects that are difficult to access in patients.
✅Corrected iPSCs restore normal cellular phenotypes, allowing direct comparison between diseased and healthy isogenic cells. This approach clarifies causal mechanisms and validates gene correction strategies at the cellular level, supporting precision medicine.
✅iPSC-derived neural systems also support advanced drug discovery platforms. By generating complex neural cultures or myelinating organoids (“myelinoids”), researchers can model neuron–glia interactions and myelination in vitro. Coupled with immunofluorescence, transcriptomics, and high-throughput screening, these systems enable systematic identification of small molecules that promote myelination or correct metabolic defects.
Scientists discover how to reactivate cancer’s molecular “kill switch”
(Farmington, Conn. – March 13, 2025) – Alternative RNA splicing is like a movie editor cutting and rearranging scenes from the same footage to create different versions of a film. By selecting which scenes to keep and which to leave out, the editor can produce a drama, a comedy, or even a thriller—all from the same raw material. Similarly, cells splice RNA in different ways to produce a variety of proteins from a single gene, fine-tuning their function based on need. However, when cancer rewrites the script, this process goes awry, fueling tumor growth and survival.
In a recent study reported in the Feb. 15 issue of Nature Communications, scientists from The Jackson Laboratory (JAX) and UConn Health not only show how cancer hijacks this tightly regulated splicing and rearranging of RNA but also introduce a potential therapeutic strategy that could slow or even shrink aggressive and hard-to-treat tumors. This discovery could transform how we treat aggressive cancers like triple-negative breast cancer and certain brain tumors, where current treatment options are limited.
At the heart of this work, led by Olga Anczuków, an associate professor at JAX and co-program leader at the NCI-designated JAX Cancer Center, are tiny genetic elements called poison exons, nature’s own “off switch” for protein production. When these exons are included in an RNA message, they trigger its destruction before a protein can be made—preventing harmful cellular activity. In healthy cells, poison exons regulate the levels of key proteins, keeping the genetic machinery in check. But in cancer, this safety mechanism often fails.
Genetic identification of mouse trigeminal afferents responsible for mechanical allodynia
Peripheral mechanisms by which the nerve afferents send signals after nerve injury in mechanical C is not well understood.
The researchers identify a subset of trigeminal afferents in mice activated by facial brushing after nerve injury. Many of brushing-activated (BA) trigeminal ganglia (TG) neurons express neurofilament200 and Ntrk3, markers for low-threshold mechanoreceptors, with lower co-localization with nociceptor markers such as Calca or Trpv1.
Inhibition of BA TG neurons reduces mechanical allodynia, while their activation increases spontaneous face wiping after nerve injury.
Knockdown of Piezo2 from BA TG afferents reduces mechanical allodynia. Thus, targeted manipulations reveal these neurons’ causal role in pain-like behaviors and heightened sensitivity, providing new insights into primary afferents underlying mechanical allodynia. sciencenewshighlights ScienceMission https://sciencemission.com/trigeminal-afferents
Peripheral mechanisms of mechanical allodynia after nerve injury remain unclear. Li et al. identify a subset of trigeminal afferents in mice activated by facial brushing after nerve injury. Targeted manipulations reveal these neurons’ causal role in pain-like behaviors and heightened sensitivity, providing new insights into primary afferents underlying mechanical allodynia.
A process thought to destroy brain cells might actually help them store data
To ensure these laboratory-created fibers were the same as those found in living brains, the team utilized cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). This advanced imaging technique allows scientists to see the atomic structure of proteins.
The images revealed that the Orb2 amyloids created with the help of Funes were structurally identical to endogenous Orb2 amyloids extracted from fly heads. They possessed the same “cross-beta” architecture that characterizes functional amyloids.
The study further demonstrated that the “J-domain” of the Funes protein is essential for this activity. This domain is a specific section of the protein sequence that defines the JDP family.
What It’s Like To Be A Worm
Finding evidence of is fraught, whether in a comatose patient, an animal, or a neural net.
Missing Link Between Parkinson’s Protein And Damage to Brain Cells Discovered
An investigation by researchers from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in the US has filled in a missing link between the toxic build-up of proteins in the neurodegenerative condition Parkinson’s disease and the death of critical brain cells.
The result of three years of research, the discovery connects alpha-synuclein proteins to a breakdown in mitochondrial function, both previously linked to Parkinson’s.
“We’ve uncovered a harmful interaction between proteins that damages the brain’s cellular powerhouses, called mitochondria,” says neuroscientist Xin Qi.
Long-term antidepressant effects of psilocybin linked to functional brain changes
In the group treated with psilocybin, adapting neurons sat at a resting voltage that was closer to the threshold for firing. This state is known as depolarization. It means the cells are primed to activate more easily. The bursting neurons in psilocybin-treated rats also showed increased excitability. They required less input to trigger a signal and fired at faster rates than neurons in untreated rats.
The rats treated with 25CN-NBOH also exhibited functional changes, though the specific electrical alterations differed slightly from the psilocybin group. For instance, the bursting neurons in this group were not as easily triggered as those in the psilocybin group. However, the overall pattern confirmed that the drug had induced a lasting shift in neuronal function.
These electrophysiological findings provide a potential explanation for the behavioral results. While the physical branches of the neurons may have pruned back to normal levels, the cells “remembered” the treatment through altered electrical tuning. This functional shift allows the neural circuits to operate differently long after the drug has left the body.