A new study by a team at Tohoku University, published in Chemical Engineering Journal, has shown that more isn’t always better when it comes to nanoscale chemical reactions. One might think that giving reactants completely unrestricted access to a speed-boosting catalyst would be the fastest way to drive a chemical reaction. Instead, it was shown that hollow nanoreactors can work more efficiently when transport into the reaction space is slightly restricted.
A nanoreactor is a porous shell that surrounds an inner space containing catalytically active nanoparticles. The inner space where reactions occur provides a special environment which opens the door for unique and highly useful chemical reactions. Finding ways to optimize reactions in these confined spaces could help to produce a myriad of everyday products more efficiently, and at a lower price.
While it might seem like flooding this inner space would get things done the fastest, researchers found that the key to optimization involved holding back a little.
Is reality actually real? In this mind-bending 29-minute exploration, theoretical physicist Richard Feynman takes you on a deep dive into quantum mechanics, the double-slit experiment, and the most unsettling discoveries in the history of science — discoveries that suggest the solid, physical world you experience every day may be far less \.
Chinese astronomers report the discovery of DESI-HVS1, which may be an old metal-poor hypervelocity star of galactic center origin. The finding, based on the data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) and ESA’s Gaia satellite, was detailed in a research paper published April 23 on the arXiv pre-print server.
WASHINGTON — The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has awarded contracts to three companies to study concepts for a lunar mission to search for water ice in very low orbits.
DARPA announced last year the Lunar Assay via Small Satellite Orbiter (LASSO) program. LASSO would demonstrate the ability to operate in a very low orbit around the moon while searching for locations on the moon that contain water ice at concentrations greater than 5%.
The mission, the agency stated, would test “sustained and advanced maneuverability” needed to maintain that low orbit, with applications elsewhere in cislunar space. The scientific data from the mission would support both NASA and commercial efforts to use lunar resources.
Physicists have long assumed that the universe is uniform at very large scales, but evidence is emerging this is wrong and suggests a way to resolve some of the biggest cosmological mysteries
The concept of spacetime, first described in Einstein’s theory of general relativity, has since been widely studied by many physicists worldwide. Spacetime is described mathematically as a four-dimensional (4D) continuum in which physical events occur, which merges three-dimensional (3D) space, with one-dimensional (1D) time.
This 4D continuum is known to continuously evolve following complex and intricate patterns that are governed by Einstein’s field equations; mathematical equations that describe how matter and energy shape spacetime. While various past theoretical studies explored the evolution of spacetime, identifying patterns that persist during its evolution has proved challenging so far.
Researchers at Adolfo Ibáñez University in Chile and Columbia University set out to explore the evolution of spacetime using ideas rooted in nonlinear electrodynamics, an area of physics that studies the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in complex materials.
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How can drones help find buried water on Mars? This is what a recent study published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets hopes to address as a team of scientists investigated how ground-penetrating radar installed on drones could be used to find buried water ice on Mars. This study has the potential to help scientists develop new methods for helping future astronauts on Mars locate accessible resources, specifically water ice, which they can use for mission essential purposes.
For the study, the researchers used a DJI Matrice 600 Pro drone and a MALA Geodrone radar to search for buried water ice in Sourdough rock glacier (RG), Alaska, and Galena Creek RG, Wyoming with bulk glacier thicknesses of 28.5 meters (93.5 feet) and 48.6 meters (159.4 feet), respectively. The primary motivation for the study was to address a knowledge gap regarding orbital data and ground-level data for searching for water ice on Mars. This is because while Mars orbiters have found buried water ice on Mars, their radars are limited to 10–20 meters (32.8−65.6 feet) beneath the surface. In the end, the researchers compared their findings with previous data from drillings and ice cores and discovered a match, indicating their drone experiment to identify buried water ice worked.
“We are filling the gap between today’s orbital observations and a more distant future, where astronauts land on Mars and make observations on the ground,” said Roberto Aguilar, who is a PhD student at University of Arizona and lead author of the study. “This gives us a way to investigate the glaciers now, from the air.”
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The gauge bosons of the standard model of particle physics are responsible for 3 of the 4 known forces in the universe. A force is conferred is through the exchange of virtual bosons. So for example in electromagnetism, an exchange of virtual photons results in an exchange of momentum which results in two like charges repelling each other.
Gravity is missing from this picture because in General relativity, gravity is not a force, but is a curvature of space-time. The problem is that stars and planets are made of molecules, atoms and radiation. And the forces that hold the atoms together are due to discrete units of virtual particles. It is the exchange or swapping of these virtual bosons that holds or breaks up atoms and molecules.
Quantum mechanics conflicts with general relativity, because QM treats every thing as being discrete, and GR treats everything as being continuous. We need a theory that combines the two because we live in one reality, not two different realities.
This is why most physicists believe General relativity is incomplete. Why can’t quantum mechanics be the one that is incomplete? Of the 4 fundamental forces, 3 have very robust quantum mechanical theories. Only gravity lacks a quantum description. Quantum mechanics also has almost all of classical physics within in its limits. Classical physics like general relativity, does not have quantum effects. We have learned is that Quantum physics is the fundamental language of reality.
One way to quantize gravity is to quantize space-time itself. This is what loop quantum gravity or LQG does. It shows that the fabric of space-time is not continuous, but is made up of discrete quanta, like the pixels on a TV screen. This is different than string theory, because in string theory, space is the background or the canvas, on which strings vibrate.
