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Mindscape 155 | Stephen Wolfram on Computation, Hypergraphs, and Fundamental Physics

I like stephen Wolfrem I’m an admirer.


Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/seanmcarroll.
Blog post with audio player, show notes, and transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2021/07/12/155-…l-physics/

It’s not easy, figuring out the fundamental laws of physics. It’s even harder when your chosen methodology is to essentially start from scratch, positing a simple underlying system and a simple set of rules for it, and hope that everything we know about the world somehow pops out. That’s the project being undertaken by Stephen Wolfram and his collaborators, who are working with a kind of discrete system called “hypergraphs.” We talk about what the basic ideas are, why one would choose this particular angle of attack on fundamental physics, and how ideas like quantum mechanics and general relativity might emerge from this simple framework.

Stephen Wolfram received his Ph.D. in physics from Caltech. He is the founder and CEO of Wolfram Research, and the creator of Mathematica, Wolfram|Alpha, and the Wolfram Language. Among his awards are a MacArthur Fellowship. Among his books is A New Kind of Science. He recently launched the Wolfram Physics Project.

Mindscape Podcast playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrxfgDEc2NxY_fRExpDXr87tzRbPCaA5x.

Age Reversal Update — Just 15 Minutes of This Can Add Years to Your Life!!!

A landmark 2024 study reveals the staggering danger of our sedentary lifestyles, with a 300% higher risk of mortality for those who barely move. But there’s a simple, powerful antidote already within your reach. In this update, we dive into the data showing how just 15 minutes of daily walking can dramatically slash your risk and add healthy years to your life, ensuring you’re here to benefit from the incredible age-reversal breakthroughs on the horizon.
The future is arriving faster than you think. We’re also bringing you an exclusive, first-look update on the revolutionary OSK (Yamanaka factor) research aimed at reversing biological aging. From groundbreaking success in mice to imminent primate trials, we break down the timeline and science that could make meaningful age reversal a human reality. Don’t let a sedentary present cut short your chance at a longer, younger future.

Credits To : Perpetual Life & Mr. Bill Faloon

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Scientists may have found the best place for humans to land on Mars

Hidden ice beneath Mars’ surface may mark the spot where humanity first sets foot on the Red Planet. A newly identified region on Mars may hold the key to future human landings. Researchers found evidence of water ice less than a meter beneath the surface, close enough to be harvested for water, oxygen, and fuel. The location strikes a rare balance between sunlight and cold, helping preserve the ice. It could also offer clues about whether Mars once supported life.

Before humans can make the long trip to another world, scientists must identify a safe and practical place to land. New research led by a University of Mississippi scientist suggests one region on Mars may meet many of the requirements for future human missions.

Erica Luzzi, a planetary geologist and postdoctoral researcher with the Mississippi Mineral Resources Institute, led a study that uncovered signs of water ice located just below the Martian surface. The research, published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, points to a possible local water supply that astronauts could rely on during extended stays on Mars.

Researchers Discover New Way To Wake Up Cancer-Killing T Cells

Researchers at the University of Southampton have identified a new strategy that could strengthen how the immune system responds to cancer.

Reporting their findings in Nature Communications, the scientists describe the use of specially engineered antibodies designed to more effectively switch on T cells that are capable of destroying cancer cells.

These antibodies act by ‘grabbing’ and ‘clustering’ several immune cell receptors at once, increasing the strength of the signal that instructs T cells to attack tumors.

Deep learning creates virtual multiplexed immunostaining to improve cancer diagnosis

Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), in collaboration with pathologists from Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center and the University of Southern California, have developed a deep learning–based method that can digitally generate multiple immunohistochemical stains from a single, unstained tissue section.

The work is published in the journal BME Frontiers.

The approach enables accurate assessment of vascular invasion—a key indicator of cancer aggressiveness—without the need for conventional chemical staining procedures.

Ancient DNA insights into diverse pathogens and their hosts

Ancient DNA techniques are being applied to study increasingly diverse pathogens of the past. The authors review the latest insights into pathogen–host coevolution, zoonotic events and the spread of pathogens, all while highlighting the importance of a One Health approach to this research.

A new AI tool could dramatically speed up the discovery of life-saving medicines

Researchers in China have unveiled a new AI framework that could accelerate the discovery of new medicines. DrugCLIP can scan millions of potential drug compounds against thousands of protein targets in just a few hours—ten million times faster than current virtual screening methods.

Typically, when scientists develop new medicines, they use complex computer simulations to fit a 3D drug molecule into a protein pocket. This indicates that it is likely to interact with the protein’s binding site and function. However, the process is incredibly time-consuming and expensive.

Applying Clinical Licensure Principles to Artificial Intelligence

Editorial: Proposals to apply clinician-style licensure to AI tools may allow adaptive oversight as AI models grow more complex. Implementation challenges include defining responsible parties and ensuring adequate regulatory expertise.


In this issue of JAMA Internal Medicine, Bressman et al1 propose a clever thought experiment: what if medical tools incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) were licensed as advanced practitioners, rather than solely regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)? This strategy seeks to provide an alternative or complement to FDA clearance in regulation of medical software incorporating AI. The authors suggest this may allow the necessary flexibility to keep up with the pace of change in AI, the breadth of applications for a given model, and the need to ensure that such tools demonstrate clinical utility.2

Many instances of more specific, single-purpose AI applications can be adequately regulated within existing frameworks. However, generative AI may be deployed in a wide range of contexts, and models may continue to develop over time. Because these models are probabilistic rather than deterministic, they may make errors that are analogous to human errors, for example, mistakes due to inadequate knowledge or lapses in judgment. Bressman et al1 argue that an appropriately flexible framework for certification already exists in the form of licensing oversight of advanced practitioners. With this approach, the extent of supervision depends on the particular activity, with some tasks requiring more oversight than others.

The proposal leaves a number of critical details to be resolved. Any AI licensing system will need to be able to evaluate and address a model’s specific potentials for harm before deployment; thus, some central regulation likely will continue to be required. In addition, determining who will take on the responsibility and oversight for decisions and treatment pathways generated by AI, as well as assume the liability for errors or adverse events, remains a thorny question. These considerations are again analogous to those of clinician licensing, but although medical boards are well positioned for licensing, the extent to which a similar approach could be developed with the necessary expertise for AI in medicine remains to be seen.

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