A review finds that restricting protein, particularly methionine, isoleucine, and valine, may improve metabolism and influence key aging pathways, largely in experimental models. Short human studies suggest metabolic benefits, but effects on lifespan remain unknown and restriction may harm people with unmet or increased protein needs.
Viviani et al. identify the molecular determinants that recruit TENT5 poly(A) polymerases to the endoplasmic reticulum. A divergent C-terminal region mediates interaction with FNDC3 proteins, enabling ER localization and broad stabilization of transcripts encoding secretory pathway components. This spatial mechanism explains functional divergence among TENT5 paralogs.
Targeted protein degradation has rapidly evolved from a chemical biology concept into a therapeutic modality, with the first proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) degrader now approved as a medicine. Linkers play a central role in governing ternary complex formation and conferring drug-like properties on bifunctional compounds. However, linker optimisation remains one of the least rationalised steps in degrader design. In this review, we introduce a linkerology framework that integrates a data-driven analysis of PROTAC linker chemotypes with historical context, representative case studies, emerging proximity-based modalities, and clinical-stage trends. We reveal persistent biases in the explored linker space and identify linker features that are preferentially retained in clinical-stage degraders.
Background: A case of bilateral idiopathic posterior scleritis in a patient who developed headache, hypermetropic refractive shift, and bilateral choroidal folds, supported by multimodal ophthalmic imaging. A 52-year-old woman presented with a two-week history of headache and difficulty reading, and was found to have bilateral choroidal folds. She had initially been treated for sinusitis by her general practitioner with oral antibiotics, but did not improve and was referred to our ophthalmology outpatient department. Bilateral posterior scleritis was diagnosed based on B-scan ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein angiography findings. An idiopathic aetiology was confirmed after a negative systemic workup. Oral prednisolone resulted in complete resolution of the choroidal folds and full reversal of the hypermetropic shift, with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) maintained at 20/20. Conclusion: Bilateral posterior scleritis is uncommon and easily misdiagnosed. A combination of B-scan ultrasonography, OCT, and fluorescein angiography confirmed the diagnosis in this case, and oral prednisolone produced a complete response.
Posterior Scleritis, Choroidal Folds, Multimodal Imaging, Corticosteroids, Hypermetropic Shift
During context-dependent decision-making, anterior lateral motor cortex is required to configure stimulus-response mappings. Two-photon imaging reveals neurons that jointly encode context and choice, suggesting that flexible behavior arises from dynamic reconfiguration of local circuits rather than abstract context representations.
The review suggests that patient-reported “taste changes” during GLP-1RA treatment may reflect reduced food enjoyment and motivation rather than consistent impairment of basic taste. The authors propose a sensory-liking-wanting framework while emphasizing that current human evidence remains heterogeneous and largely indirect.