2 Department of Breast Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
3Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Particle Radiotherapy Equipment, Hangzhou, China.
How our solar system moves through space. This is a non-conventional view of our solar system that is different from the standard ‘flat’ diagrams. We travel, never return to the same spot again. Helical motion, how the planets move through space.
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New version: Solar System 2.0: • Solar System 2.0 — the helical model.
Full story and philosophy: http://www.djsadhu.com/research/solar… 2 is here: • The helical model — our Galaxy is a vortex Information & research: http://www.djsadhu.com/the-helical-mo… Music: https://djsadhu.bandcamp.com/album/dj… French subtitles provided by the Resonance Project Greek subtitles provided by vasoula2908 Download the sound track: http://www.djsadhu.com/audio-video/vo… (FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY) No, this was not made with Universe Sandbox, but with 3DsMax. Yes, I messed up two orbits.
PART 2 is here: • The helical model — our Galaxy is a vortex.
Information & research: http://www.djsadhu.com/the-helical-mo…
Music: https://djsadhu.bandcamp.com/album/dj…
French subtitles provided by the Resonance Project.
Greek subtitles provided by vasoula2908
Download the sound track: http://www.djsadhu.com/audio-video/vo… (FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY)
No, this was not made with Universe Sandbox, but with 3DsMax.
Yes, I messed up two orbits.
Despite ample evidence for functional specialization in the brains of humans (Kanwisher, 2010) and nonhuman animals (Tsao et al., 2006), some continue to argue against the idea of stable structure in the brain, emphasizing the distributed, dynamic, and interactive nature of cognitive processes, including language (Pessoa, 2022; Forkel and Hagoort, 2024; Drijvers et al., 2025). Deep engagement with this debate is beyond the scope of this article, but two points are worth clarifying. First, the fact that many areas—sometimes in distant parts of the brain—are engaged by language comprehension does not imply that the “entire brain” supports this function. Although the extended language network spans almost every major component of the brain, within each component, language regions occupy a small fraction of brain tissue. Second, linguistic inputs can unquestionably engage many brain regions beyond those that specifically support language processing: vivid descriptions of faces or scenes can engage category-selective visual areas, a story about a misunderstanding can engage the Theory of Mind network, and a horror story can engage the amygdala (see Casto, et al., 2025b for discussion). However, all these brain regions can also be engaged by nonlinguistic inputs. The ability of a brain region to be engaged by language does not make it a “language region” any more than its ability to be engaged by visual inputs makes it a “visual region.” Furthermore, the fact that the language network needs to interact with other brain areas does not undermine its functional distinctness from those areas and its special role in language processing. As long as different components within the language network interact more strongly with one another than with other networks—for which ample evidence exists (Blank et al., 2014; Braga et al., 2020; Du et al., 2024, 2025; Shain and Fedorenko, 2025)—the language network and other cognitive networks can be treated as meaningfully distinct objects of study (Simon, 1962).
For completeness and ease of comparison with past studies, we explored the possibility of using standard anatomical atlases to constrain individual fROIs (rather than the parcels derived from a group-level representation of brain activity; Fedorenko et al., 2010; Julian et al., 2012). Examining individual activation maps (or maps derived from functional connectivity patterns: Braga et al., 2020; Du et al., 2024, 2025; Shain and Fedorenko, 2025) against standardized brain parcellations reveals two issues. First, individual topographies often do not align with the boundaries of the atlas areas: a contiguous functional region may get broken up by a boundary or—for finer-grained atlases—may get assigned to different atlas areas across individuals because of interindividual topographic variability (see Fig. S5B for examples). For studies focusing on a particular functional network, we therefore recommend functional parcels over anatomical/multimodal atlases.
In a world first, scientists led by a team from Stanford University have created 16 viable viruses that do not exist in nature and were designed by AI. Their experiment, which is published in Science, could help in the fight against superbugs by allowing researchers to design customized viruses to kill drug-resistant bacteria. Thomas Inglesby and Moritz S. Hanke have published a Perspective piece on the work and its implications in the same edition of the journal.
Artificial intelligence is already helping to speed up drug discovery by analyzing massive genetic data sets, predicting protein shapes and identifying potential medicines. But in this research, the team wanted to see if AI could go a step further by creating an entire functioning genome based on a natural virus template.
One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease is the accumulation of a peptide in the brain known as amyloid beta. A new study published in Nature Communications on July 22 has uncovered the atomic structure of the peptide in its harmful form.
Amyloid beta is a naturally occurring peptide that exists in healthy brains. But in Alzheimer’s disease, these peptides clump together abnormally and form large plaques. Scientists have known about the association between these plaques and Alzheimer’s disease for over a century, but whether this buildup is actually damaging the brain or simply a byproduct of the disease has been hotly debated.
There is also an intermediate state of amyloid beta that exists between the healthy peptides and the large plaques. Emerging evidence suggests that it is these intermediates—so-called “oligomeric” amyloid beta—that drive damage to the brain, but their structure has remained unknown. Now, a team of researchers at Yale School of Medicine has characterized this intermediate form for the first time.