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When lightning strikes: Models of multi-ignition wildfires could predict catastrophic events

Multi-ignition wildfires are not overly common. But when individual fires do converge, the consequences can be catastrophic. The largest fire on record in California, the 2020 August Complex fire, grew from the coalescence of 10 separate ignitions.

In a new study, published in Science Advances, researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), the University of California (UC), Irvine and collaborators examine multi-ignition fires, calculating their impact and modeling the mechanisms behind them by leveraging the Department of Energy’s flagship Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM). The work shows that when flames combine, they are disproportionately destructive: They spread faster, last longer, generate stronger atmospheric events and strain firefighting resources.

In California, the study found that multi-ignition fires make up only 7% of the total number of fires, but they contribute to 31% of the burned area in the state.

Soft, 3D transistors could host living cells for bioelectronics

New research from the WISE group (Wearable, Intelligent, Soft Electronics) at The University of Hong Kong (HKU-WISE) has addressed a long-standing bioelectronic challenge: the development of soft, 3D transistors.

This work introduces a new approach to semiconductor device design with transformative potential for bioelectronics. It is published in Science.

Led by Professor Shiming Zhang from the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, the research team included senior researchers who joined HKU-WISE from the University of Cambridge and the University of Chicago, together with HKU Ph.D. students and undergraduate participants—an international, inclusive, and dynamic research community.

New RoboReward dataset and models automate robotic training and evaluation

The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms has opened new possibilities for the development of robots that can reliably tackle various everyday tasks. Training and evaluating these algorithms, however, typically requires extensive efforts, as humans still need to manually label training data and assess the performance of models in both simulations and real-world experiments.

Researchers at Stanford University and UC Berkeley have introduced RoboReward, a dataset for training and evaluating AI algorithms for robotics applications, specifically vision-language reward-based models (VLMs).

Their paper, published on the arXiv preprint server, also presents RoboReward 4B and 8B, two new VLMs that were trained on this dataset and outperform other models introduced in the past.

Tiny earthquakes reveal hidden faults under Northern California

The work, by researchers at the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of California, Davis and the University of Colorado Boulder, is published in Science.

“If we don’t understand the underlying tectonic processes, it’s hard to predict the seismic hazard,” said co-author Amanda Thomas, professor of earth and planetary sciences at UC Davis.

Efficient cooling method could enable chip-based quantum computers

Quantum computers could rapidly solve complex problems that would take the most powerful classical supercomputers decades to unravel. But they’ll need to be large and stable enough to efficiently perform operations. To meet this challenge, researchers at MIT and elsewhere are developing quantum computers based on ultra-compact photonic chips. These chip-based systems offer a scalable alternative to some existing quantum computers, which rely on bulky optical equipment.

These quantum computers must be cooled to extremely cold temperatures to minimize vibrations and prevent errors. So far, such chip-based systems have been limited to inefficient and slow cooling methods.

Now, a team of researchers at MIT and MIT Lincoln Laboratory has implemented a much faster and more energy-efficient method for cooling these photonic chip-based quantum computers. Their approach achieved cooling to about 10 times below the limit of standard laser cooling.

It Shouldn’t Exist: Scientists Find Signs of Ancient Life in the Most Unlikely Place

Dr. Rowan Martindale, a paleoecologist and geobiologist at the University of Texas at Austin, was hiking through Morocco’s Dadès Valley in the Central High Atlas Mountains when an unusual detail in the rocks made her stop.

She and her team, including Stéphane Bodin of Aarhus University, were moving through the rugged landscape to investigate the ecology of ancient reef systems that once lay beneath the sea.

Reaching those reefs meant crossing repeated stacks of turbidites, sediments left behind by powerful underwater debris flows. Turbidites often preserve ripple marks, but Martindale noticed something else layered on top of the ripples. The surface showed small, irregular corrugations that did not fit what she expected to see.

Compulsive Behavior May Not Be a “Bad Habit” After All, New Study Finds

A common belief is that compulsive behaviors trap people in a “habit loop” that takes over self-control. New research, however, suggests this explanation may be incomplete. For many years, compulsive behavior has been explained as people becoming trapped in a “habit loop” that takes over self-con

Boys and girls tend to use different strategies to solve math problems, new research shows

New studies show girls prefer step-by-step math algorithms, while boys favor creative shortcuts. This difference in approach, rather than raw ability, may explain why men continue to outnumber women in advanced STEM fields.

High-dose birth control pills linked to elevated fear in safe contexts

A new study published in Neuropsychopharmacology suggests that the use of oral contraceptives may influence how the brain regulates fear responses in safe environments. The research indicates that women who use birth control pills, particularly those with higher doses of synthetic estrogen, may experience elevated fear in safe contexts compared to women who have never used hormonal contraception. The findings also imply that these alterations in fear processing could persist for a significant period after an individual stops taking the medication.

Anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder are nearly twice as prevalent in women as they are in men. Biological factors likely contribute to this disparity, with sex hormones acting as potential mediators. Specifically, the hormone estradiol plays a significant role in how the brain manages fear and memory.

Effective fear regulation requires the ability to distinguish between a threat and a safety signal based on the surrounding environment. For example, seeing a snake in a forest might require a fear response, while seeing a snake in a zoo enclosure should not. This process is known as contextual fear regulation.

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