3 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
4Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Category: biotech/medical – Page 6
Simple blood test on a chip could help diagnose lung cancer
Researchers at Tel Aviv University have developed a new method for diagnosing lung cancer: a simple, fast, low-cost blood test that does not require DNA sequencing. The method identifies a chemical fingerprint of cancer cells in the blood by analyzing cell-free DNA originating from those cells. In the study, the test distinguished between lung cancer patients and healthy individuals with a sensitivity of 93.1% and a specificity of 90.3% for patients with stage 2–4 disease.
The study was led by Prof. Yuval Ebenstein of the School of Chemistry at the Faculty of Exact Sciences, the Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Zimin Institute at Tel Aviv University, in collaboration with researchers from JaxBio Technologies, Bnai Zion Medical Center and Sheba Medical Center. The paper is published in the journal npj Precision Oncology.
DNA repair enzymes favor specific sequences, shaping mutation patterns in the human genome
When a wound does not heal properly, it leaves a scar. Similarly, mutations—which are permanent changes to genetic code—are often the result of damaged DNA that has not been properly repaired. Mutations can impede the function of genes and lead to disease and aging, but they are also the source of genetic variation, which allows new traits to emerge and facilitates the evolutionary process. Scientists still do not fully understand why some damaged DNA segments are successfully repaired while others are not.
In a new study published in Nature Communications, researchers from the Weizmann Institute of Science succeeded in identifying which DNA sequences and structures are the preferred targets for several of the most important DNA repair enzymes. The findings from the laboratory of Dr. Ariel Afek suggest that these preferences shaped the human genome and could even help explain how cells become cancerous.
Every day, thousands of chemical reactions take place in every living cell, damaging the genome. “When DNA repair systems work properly, they repair most of the damage, but not all of it,” Afek explains. “Therefore, the rate at which mutations accumulate is a balance between the rate of damage and the rate of repair.
Engineered enzymes forge carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bonds with high selectivity
Researchers from the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, including Dr. Zachary Birch-Price and professor Anthony Green, have developed a new family of engineered enzymes that can create several different types of chemical bonds used to build complex molecules. This work demonstrates how artificial enzymes can be adapted to carry out a broad range of carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-nitrogen (C-N) bond-forming reactions with high selectivity, offering new possibilities for biocatalysis.
Published in Nature Catalysis, the research addresses a long-standing challenge in chemistry: developing biological catalysts that can selectively construct complex molecular architectures. Carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bonds are fundamental building blocks in many chemicals, pharmaceuticals and advanced materials.
“Biocatalysis has transformed our ability to carry out many chemical reactions using enzymes, but there are still important areas of chemistry that remain difficult to access. In this work, we show that artificial enzymes can be engineered to perform a wide variety of bond-forming reactions. What is particularly exciting is that the same underlying catalytic strategy can be adapted to work with many different reaction partners. This versatility gives us a foundation for developing new enzyme platforms capable of producing a wide range of valuable chemical structures,” said Green, professor of chemical biology and director of the MIB.
Graphene-powered soft lens could pave the way for smarter glasses, cameras and medical devices
The ability to change focus instantly is something most people take for granted. Every day, our eyes effortlessly switch between reading a book, recognizing a face across the room or watching a bird fly overhead. Replicating that remarkable technological flexibility, however, has proved far more difficult.
Researchers at Queen Mary University of London, led by Professor James Busfield, have taken an important step toward making adaptive lenses smaller, lighter and more practical by developing a transparent graphene-based material that allows soft lenses to change focus electronically without bulky moving parts. The work has eliminated key design constraints limiting electrostatically actuated lenses, opening the door to opportunities for compact medical imaging devices, autofocus cameras and wearable displays.
Published in Advanced Functional Materials, the study demonstrates how ultrathin transparent electrodes made from reduced graphene oxide can be integrated into a soft, electrically driven lens. The result is a compact device capable of changing its focal distance simply by applying a small electric field.
Stretchable antenna keeps wearable health sensors in tune with human health
Wearable health monitors are designed to move with the body. But for many devices, movement creates a problem: The more a person bends, stretches, reaches or runs, the harder it can be for the device to keep a stable wireless connection. Penn State researchers and international collaborators set out to solve that problem by developing a soft, stretchable antenna that can keep working even when pulled in different directions. The work, published in Nature Communications, could help make wearable health monitors more reliable during everyday activity.
“The medical application is the top priority for us, because we see the great potential for this in monitoring human health,” said Huanyu “Larry” Cheng, the James L. Henderson Jr. Memorial Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Penn State and a corresponding author of the study.
Why stretching disrupts antennas The antenna is designed for radio frequency, or RF, communication, the broad category of wireless technology behind Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and a variety of sensors, including health monitors. Antennas not only transmit information through this wireless technology, but they can also harvest energy via RF to power a sensor or other parts of a monitoring system. Unlike a conventional rigid antenna, the new design can stretch with fabric or skin-like materials while staying close to the frequency it needs to send or receive signals or power.
Coordinating the development of heart muscle and vasculature
During development, regional dips in oxygen levels serve as a signal that triggers the coordinated growth of heart muscle and coronary vessels, according to a new study. The findings, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, could point toward innovative approaches for treating cardiovascular conditions that lead to heart failure.
“The signaling pathways that direct the development of this remarkable organ are also affected in pathological conditions,” said the senior author. “Interventions that target these signals or the cells that produce them could potentially change the trajectory of disease or slow its progression.”
One of the biggest mysteries was: what drives their growth—and how is that expansion synchronized with that of the muscle tissue they serve? “Initially we thought that there would be direct crosstalk between the two,” the author said. Either the muscle secretes signals that attract developing vessels—or the vessels produce signals that promote muscle growth.
Semaglutide slows blood protein signature linked to future dementia risk
A post hoc analysis of 2,970 older SELECT participants found that semaglutide slowed worsening of a 25-protein blood signature that predicts future dementia risk. Over 104 weeks, semaglutide produced larger effects on modeled 5-year than 20-year dementia risk, but whether these biomarker changes translate into less cognitive decline or dementia remains unknown.
A Common Cholesterol Treatment May Also Remove PFAS And Microplastics From Blood
A filter used to clear excess fats from the blood of people with cardiovascular disease may also trap much smaller stowaways: some persistent synthetic chemicals and microplastics.
The treatment, known as therapeutic apheresis, passes a patient’s blood through a machine, filters out targeted substances, and returns the blood to the body.
It was not developed to remove environmental pollutants. It is generally used in severe cases where medication alone cannot sufficiently remove cholesterol – fat-carrying particles linked to cardiovascular disease risk.
Could the Next Brain Interface Get Sprayed Up Your Nose?
A brain computer interface (BCI) is any technology that allows you to connect your 3 pounds of wetware to a computer. But instead of implanting electrodes via neurosurgery, might the next revolution in BCIs come from something very small, like nanoparticles? Would this allow us to spy on millions (or billions) of neurons talking at once — and could we do so without opening the skull? Will this allow BCI tech to become as common as smartphones? Join Eagleman as he talks with Tetiana Aleksandrova and Scott Meek from the company Subsense about why the next brain-computer interface might come from thinking small.
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