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Category: biotech/medical – Page 3

In recent years, a growing number of scientific studies have backed an alarming hypothesis: Alzheimer’s disease isn’t just a disease, it’s an infection.

While the exact mechanisms of this infection are something researchers are still trying to isolate, numerous studies suggest the deadly spread of Alzheimer’s goes way beyond what we used to think.

One such study, published in 2019, suggested what could be one of the most definitive leads yet for a bacterial culprit behind Alzheimer’s, and it comes from a somewhat unexpected quarter: gum disease.

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The news: A paralyzed man has walked again thanks to a brain-controlled exoskeleton suit. Within the safety of a lab setting, he was also able to control the suit’s arms and hands, using two sensors on his brain. The patient was a man from Lyon named Thibault, who fell 40 feet (12 meters) from a balcony four years ago, leaving him paralyzed from the shoulders down.

How it worked: Thibault had surgery to place two implants, each containing 64 electrodes, on the parts of the brain that control movement. Software then translated the brain waves read by these implants into instructions for movement. The development of the exoskeleton, by Clinatec and the University of Grenoble, is described in a paper in The Lancet this week.

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The Carboncopies Foundation is starting The Brain Emulation Challenge.

With the availability of high throughput electron microscopy (EM), expansion microscopy (ExM), Calcium and voltage imaging, co-registered combinations of these techniques and further advancements, high resolution data sets that span multiple brain regions or entire small animal brains such as the fruit-fly Drosophila melanogaster may now offer inroads to expansive neuronal circuit analysis. Results of such analysis represent a paradigm change in the conduct of neuroscience.

So far, almost all investigations in neuroscience have relied on correlational studies, in which a modicum of insight gleaned from observational data leads to the formulation of mechanistic hypotheses, corresponding computational modeling, and predictions made using those models, so that experimental testing of the predictions offers support or modification of hypotheses. These are indirect methods for the study of a black box system of highly complex internal structure, methods that have received published critique as being unlikely to lead to a full understanding of brain function (Jonas and Kording, 2017).

Large scale, high resolution reconstruction of brain circuitry may instead lead to mechanistic explanations and predictions of cognitive function with meaningful descriptions of representations and their transformation along the full trajectory of stages in neural processing. Insights that come from circuit reconstructions of this kind, a reverse engineering of cognitive processes, will lead to valuable advances in neuroprosthetic medicine, understanding of the causes and effects of neurodegenerative disease, possible implementations of similar processes in artificial intelligence, and in-silico emulations of brain function, known as whole-brain emulation (WBE).

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Alopecia refers to hair loss and can affect the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, and other areas of the body. There are different types of alopecia including androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, anagen effluvium, and frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA). Each form of disease refers to where and how hair is lost. This type of categorization helps physicians best diagnose and treat patients. Frontal fibrosing alopecia was first recognized in the early 1990s and still puzzles scientists and physicians. It is characterized by progressive loss with hair follicles becoming inflamed and destroyed. Eyebrow thinning is also a common symptom along with skin redness and scaling, and wrinkling.

Unfortunately, the cause of FFA is unknown and is a type of scarring hair loss, which means that the hair cannot grow back. This particularly distressing condition is thought to be the result of an autoimmune disorder. Many scientists believe FFA is caused by hormonal imbalances or genetic predispositions. Scientists are currently trying to find ways to cure or permanently treat FFA. Treatment options to date include topical corticosteroids, oral medication, light therapy, and hair transplantation. However, all of these treatments work to relieve symptoms, delay hair loss, or replace hair loss. Since FFA is a chronic condition, symptoms can progress over time and with early intervention, patients can significantly delay hair loss. The lack of sufficient treatment is still a concern, and many researchers are investigating how to overcome this disease and avoid hair loss.

A recent paper in JAMA Dermatology, by Dr. Christos Tziotzios and others, reported a change in two areas of the human genome that can influence alopecia risk. This is a major advance in the field of alopecia and can be used to enhance treatment. Tziotzios is a Consultant Dermatologist and Senior Lecturer at St. John’s Institute of Dermatology in the United Kingdom (UK). He specializes in general dermatology and hair and scalp disorders including FFA in both biological males and females.

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Science and Technology: Gene Therapy apparently Cure Blindness in Children.

S eye, very early in life, to treat a severe form of the condition.‘.

An experimental trial of gene therapy has helped four toddlers — born with one of the most severe forms of childhood blindness — gain “life-changing improvements” to their sight, according to doctors at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London.

The rare genetic condition means the babies’ vision deteriorated very rapidly from birth.

Continue reading “Gene therapy experiment treats rare childhood blindness” | >

Very excellent.

Arc Institute researchers have developed a machine learning model called Evo 2 that is trained on the DNA of over 100,000 species across the entire tree of life. Its deep understanding of biological code means that Evo 2 can identify patterns in gene sequences across disparate organisms that experimental researchers would need years to uncover. The model can accurately identify disease-causing mutations in human genes and is capable of designing new genomes that are as long as the genomes of simple bacteria.

Evo 2’s developers—made up of scientists from Arc Institute and NVIDIA, convening collaborators across Stanford University, UC Berkeley, and UC San Francisco—will post details about the model as a preprint on February 19, 2025, accompanied by a user-friendly interface called Evo Designer. The Evo 2 code is publicly accessible from Arc’s GitHub, and is also integrated into the NVIDIA BioNeMo framework, as part of a collaboration between Arc Institute and NVIDIA to accelerate scientific research. Arc Institute also worked with AI research lab Goodfire to develop a mechanistic interpretability visualizer that uncovers the key biological features and patterns the model learns to recognize in genomic sequences. The Evo team is sharing its training data, training and inference code, and model weights to release the largest-scale, fully open source AI model to date.

Building on its predecessor Evo 1, which was trained entirely on single-cell genomes, Evo 2 is the largest artificial intelligence model in biology to date, trained on over 9.3 trillion nucleotides—the building blocks that make up DNA or RNA—from over 128,000 whole genomes as well as metagenomic data. In addition to an expanded collection of bacterial, archaeal, and phage genomes, Evo 2 includes information from humans, plants, and other single-celled and multi-cellular species in the eukaryotic domain of life.

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Unraveling the Genetic Risk of Cancer

Thousands of tiny changes in the DNA sequence of the human genome have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. However, until now, it has been unclear which of these changes directly contribute to the uncontrolled cell growth that defines the disease and which are simply coincidences or minor players.

Stanford researchers conducted the first large-scale analysis of these inherited genetic changes, known as single nucleotide variants. Their study identified fewer than 400 variants that play a key role in triggering and sustaining cancer growth. These variants influence several critical biological pathways, including those that control DNA repair, energy production, and how cells interact with their microenvironment.

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PROVIDENCE, R.I. (WPRI) — Pancreatic cancer is the 10th deadliest form of cancer in the United States, according to the National Cancer Institute.

Fewer than 13% of those battling pancreatic cancer live for more than five years after their diagnosis. That’s likely because roughly 90% of diagnoses are made after the disease has already progressed to an advanced stage.

However, Judge Frank Caprio, who has been battling this “insidious disease” since 2023, said he never let those statistics bring him down.

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New in JNeurosci: Researchers identified a new subset of neurons in mice that morphine may interact with to influence behavior. This neuron population could be a promising new opioid addiction treatment target.

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Opioid use disorder constitutes a major health and economic burden, but our limited understanding of the underlying neurobiology impedes better interventions. Alteration in the activity and output of dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) contributes to drug effects, but the mechanisms underlying these changes remain relatively unexplored. We used translating ribosome affinity purification and RNA sequencing to identify gene expression changes in mouse VTA DA neurons following chronic morphine exposure. We found that expression of the neuropeptide neuromedin S (Nms) is robustly increased in VTA DA neurons by morphine. Using an NMS-iCre driver line, we confirmed that a subset of VTA neurons express NMS and that chemogenetic modulation of VTA NMS neuron activity altered morphine responses in male and female mice. Specifically, VTA NMS neuronal activation promoted morphine locomotor activity while inhibition reduced morphine locomotor activity and conditioned place preference (CPP). Interestingly, these effects appear specific to morphine, as modulation of VTA NMS activity did not affect cocaine behaviors, consistent with our data that cocaine administration does not increase VTA Nms expression. Chemogenetic manipulation of VTA neurons that express glucagon-like peptide, a transcript also robustly increased in VTA DA neurons by morphine, does not alter morphine-elicited behavior, further highlighting the functional relevance of VTA NMS-expressing neurons. Together, our current data suggest that NMS-expressing neurons represent a novel subset of VTA neurons that may be functionally relevant for morphine responses and support the utility of cell type-specific analyses like TRAP to identify neuronal adaptations underlying substance use disorder.

Significance Statement The opioid epidemic remains prevalent in the U.S., with more than 70% of overdose deaths caused by opioids. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is responsible for regulating reward behavior. Although drugs of abuse can alter VTA dopaminergic neuron function, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully explored. This is partially due to the cellular heterogeneity of the VTA. Here, we identify a novel subset of VTA neurons that express the neuropeptide neuromedin S (NMS). Nms expression is robustly increased by morphine and alteration of VTA NMS neuronal activity is sufficient to alter morphine-elicited behaviors. Our findings are the first to implicate NMS-expressing neurons in drug behavior and thereby improve our understanding of opioid-induced adaptations in the VTA.

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