Cell division is one of the most fundamental and complex processes underpinning life. In human cells, thousands of molecules coordinate with one another in highly precise steps, all within a fraction of a second. But things don’t always go as planned.

Before a cell divides into two, it must first copy its DNA, so that each new cell receives a complete set. Occasionally, what can happen is, a cell successfully copies its DNA but then fails to split into two. When this happens, the cell is left with two copies of its DNA—a condition known as whole genome duplication (WGD).

One way to picture this is to imagine photocopying a document. Normally, you would make two copies and place one in each folder. In whole genome duplication, the copies are made but not separated, leaving one folder with both copies.

Proton beams are not only used in sophisticated nuclear physics experiments. Today, they are becoming increasingly popular in radiotherapy, where they are an irreplaceable tool for destroying cancer cells. Doctors and physicists can enhance their precision thanks to two solutions developed at the Cyclotron Center Bronowice of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences.

In oncology, it is crucial to precisely eliminate cancer cells while causing as little damage as possible to healthy cells. For physicists, on the other hand, it is essential to have a precise understanding of the conditions under which they conduct their experiments. In the case of proton beams, used in radiotherapy and nuclear physics experiments, knowing the kinetic energy of the particles is key.

Background Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) may radiologically identify or confirm underlying pathophysiologies in myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA), however, there are scant prospective data evaluating the impact on routine clinical care.

Methods In a multicentre international cohort study of MINOCA, clinical diagnosis, diagnostic certainty and intended clinical management were prospectively determined before and again after CMR. The primary outcome was a composite of change in clinical diagnosis and/or management. Secondary outcomes were individual components of the primary outcome, change in diagnostic certainty and number-needed-to-test for deprescription of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). Predictors of the primary outcome were evaluated by multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Results In 320 patients, CMR was associated with change in diagnosis and/or management in 63% (95% CI 57% to 68%, p0.001) and significantly increased diagnostic certainty (8÷10 post-CMR (5–9) vs 6/10 pre-CMR (4–7), p0.0001). Relevant predictors of the primary outcome on multivariable analysis were early CMR (≤14 days), absence of atheroma on coronary angiography and significant pre-CMR diagnostic uncertainty (≤5/10); CMR changed diagnosis and/or management in 80% of individuals with all three predictors versus 40% in those with none. In individuals where treating physicians initially chose to prescribe DAPT despite no obstructive culprit lesion, number-needed-to-test by CMR for DAPT deprescription was 3.

New research reveals that high glucose levels drive stem cells to multiply, while low levels signal them to mature into myelin-producing cells, a discovery that could lead to new metabolic strategies for treating white matter injuries and MS.