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Category: biotech/medical – Page 38

How hair and skin characteristics affect brain imaging: Making fNIRS research more inclusive

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a promising non-invasive neuroimaging technique that works by detecting changes in blood oxygenation linked to neural activity using near-infrared light. Compared to fMRI and various other methods commonly used to study the brain, fNIRS is easier to apply outside of laboratory settings.

This technique requires study participants to wear a special cap fitted with optodes, which consist of light sources that emit near-infrared light into the scalp and detectors that measure the light that is reflected back. These measurements can be used to estimate blood oxygenation in the brain’s outer layers. Despite its potential for conducting research in everyday settings, the quality of signals collected using fNIRS is known to be influenced by biophysical factors.

A team of researchers at Boston University recently set out to better delineate the extent to which people’s and skin color, age and sex impact the quality of fNIRS signals picked up from their scalp.

Depression genetics differ by sex: Study find females carry higher risk than males do

Important genetic differences in how females and males experience depression have been revealed for the first time in findings that could pave the way for more targeted intervention and treatments.

In the study, published in Nature Communications, scientists found that contribute more to risk in than in males. The team discovered about twice as many genetic “flags” for depression in the DNA of females as they did in that of males.

“We already know that females are twice as likely to suffer from depression in their lifetime than males,” said Dr. Brittany Mitchell, Senior Researcher at QIMR Berghofer’s Genetic Epidemiology Lab. “And we also know that depression looks very different from one person to another. Until now, there hasn’t been much consistent research to explain why depression affects females and males differently, including the possible role of genetics.”

Mitochondria Dump Their Rubbish DNA, And It Could Be Costing Us Our Health

Researchers have discovered a key molecular process that may contribute to chronic inflammation as we age. If this process can be accurately targeted, it could unlock ways to stay healthier in our later years.

The discovery centers on the unique strands of DNA contained within our mitochondria, the power stations of our cells. By banishing their ‘mtDNA’ into the surrounding cytoplasm, mitochondria can cause inflammation. Yet just how or why this happens has never been well understood.

In this study, researchers led by a team from the Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing in Germany analyzed tissue samples from humans and test animals, using mice genetically engineered to be models of aging and disease.

AI-radar system tracks subtle health changes by assessing patient’s walk

Engineering and health researchers at the University of Waterloo have developed a radar and artificial intelligence (AI) system that can monitor multiple people walking in busy hospitals and long-term care facilities to identify possible health issues.

The new technology—housed in a wall-mounted device about the size of a deck of cards—uses AI software and radar hardware to accurately measure how fast each person is walking. A paper on their work, “Non-contact, non-visual, multi-person hallway gait monitoring,” appears in Scientific Reports.

“Walking speed is often called a functional vital sign because even subtle declines can be an early warning of health problems,” said Dr. Hajar Abedi, a former postdoctoral researcher in electrical and computer engineering at Waterloo.

Smart blood: How AI reads your body’s aging signals

Could a simple blood test reveal how well someone is aging? A team of researchers led by Wolfram Weckwerth from the University of Vienna, Austria, and Nankai University, China, has combined advanced metabolomics with cutting-edge machine learning and a novel network modeling tool to uncover the key molecular processes underlying active aging.

Their study, published in npj Systems Biology and Applications, identifies aspartate as a dominant biomarker of physical fitness and maps the dynamic interactions that support healthier aging.

It has long been known that exercise protects mobility and lowers the risk of chronic disease. Yet the precise molecular processes that translate physical activity into healthier aging remain poorly understood. The researchers set out to answer a simple but powerful question: Can we see the benefits of an active lifestyle in elderly individuals directly in the blood—and pinpoint the molecules that matter most?

Geomagnetic disturbances caused by sun may influence occurrence of heart attacks, especially among women

An article published in the journal Communications Medicine points to a correlation between disturbances in Earth’s magnetic field resulting from solar storms and an increase in the frequency of heart attacks, especially among women.

The authors reached this conclusion by analyzing data from the public health network of São José dos Campos, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, recorded between 1998 and 2005, a period considered to be one of intense solar activity.

Focusing on hospital admissions for myocardial infarction, the analysis included information from 871 men and 469 women. Data from the Planetary Index (Kp-Index), an indicator of variations in Earth’s geomagnetic field, were also incorporated into the statistical analysis.

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