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Scientists and citizens are more persuasive than government and industry in mobilizing action, study finds

In environmental, health and technology crises, Americans are more persuaded to take action by scientists and public consensus than by leaders in government and industry, according to a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by researchers at Boston College and Princeton University.

Across four studies involving roughly 55,000 individuals, Americans revealed they were especially influenced when both scientists and ordinary citizens supported a solution, said Boston College Assistant Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience Gregg Sparkman, senior author of the study.

“What surprised us was how consistently the combined voice of scientists and ordinary citizens mattered across issues and partisans, even when governments and companies opposed action,” said Sparkman. “Americans were still encouraged to act when scientists and ordinary citizens jointly expressed support for solutions.”

Metals’ atomic arrangement can create ‘corrosion highways’ in nuclear reactors

Nuclear reactors are traditionally powered with dense fuel rods that can produce about 1 gigawatt of carbon-free electricity, enough to power about 100,000,000 lightbulbs. Newer power plant designs using molten salt for cooling instead of the water found in traditional reactors could offer better efficiency and stability, but they face a problem—the extreme chemical environment created by the molten salt can corrode the metal comprising the reactor.

A team led by engineers at Penn State found that adjusting the subtle atomic arrangement of structural metals can significantly affect the rate and extent of this corrosion, even with identical baseline chemical compositions. They did this by creating a series of reactive simulations to isolate and study this corrosion mechanism. Their findings are available online ahead of publication in the August issue of Corrosion Science.

Hubble discovers first of star cluster’s missing black holes

The massive globular star cluster Omega Centauri has puzzled astronomers for decades. It should be filled with black holes left behind by exploding stars, yet evidence for them is scarce. Now, astronomers using archival data from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and supporting observations from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope have finally located the first stellar-mass black hole in this cluster. Discovering the first of this missing black hole population will help refine current theories on black hole formation within environments such as Omega Centauri. The team’s findings were published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Omega Centauri consists of 10 million gravitationally bound stars. Though the astronomical community previously found evidence using Hubble that an intermediate-mass black hole lurks at its center, models suggest this star cluster should also contain about 10,000 smaller, stellar-mass black holes. This notable population of black holes evaded detection in previous observational studies, which used the radial velocity method or looked for radio and X-ray emission from material falling onto black holes.

New imaging method reveals how electric fields reshape ferroelectric materials

New research is shedding light on longstanding debates over the behavior of ferroelectric materials when those materials are exposed to electric fields. The findings stem from the use of a novel technique that allows researchers to observe the real-time behavior of domain walls in ferroelectric materials as they are “poled” and “depoled.”

Ferroelectric materials are used in a wide range of technologies, from sensors to actuators, and their electrical properties are critical to their utility. It’s well established that you can bring the various domains in a ferroelectric material into alignment by applying an electric field—either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). This is called “poling.” However, there has been significant debate about what exactly is taking place during the poling process.

“We’re now able to observe what is happening in real time, which gives us deeper insights into the mechanisms at play—which will inform our ability to engineer materials in order to produce the electrical characteristics we’re looking for,” says Jun Liu, co-corresponding author of two papers on the work and an associate professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at North Carolina State University.

Brains of teens with autism ‘tune in’ less to unfamiliar voices, study finds

Like other teenagers, teens on the autism spectrum are itching to exercise their social muscles. They hope for new friends, fun with people who share their interests, maybe even a romantic relationship.

“Adolescence is a moment of opportunity for these kids,” said Daniel Abrams, Ph.D., clinical associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford Medicine. “They want to build friendships.”

But spreading their social wings is challenging for teens with autism. A new Stanford Medicine-led study, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, sheds light on a key factor: how the brains of teenagers with autism handle the sounds of unfamiliar voices. Unlike neurotypical teenagers, the reward centers in autistic teens’ brains don’t become increasingly responsive to strangers’ voices as they mature, the research found.

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