The universe may not be perfectly uniform after all, a new series of papers hints. If confirmed, this could upend a nearly 100-year-old model of cosmology.
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Kupffer cells in liver homeostasis and disease: from immune sentinels to metabolic gatekeepers
This Review provides an integrated overview of Kupffer cell biology, from their embryonic origin and spatial organization to their functional specialization within the liver. It emphasizes how Kupffer cells act as immune sentinels while also shaping metabolic regulation, tissue repair, infection and cancer and discusses how emerging technologies are refining our understanding of their context-dependent roles across physiological and pathological settings.
Engineered exosomes reverse sleep deprivation brain damage in mice
Sleep is a vital physiological process that allows humans and other animals to restore both the mind and body, while also consolidating memories, clearing out toxins and regulating their metabolism. Several past studies showed that getting insufficient sleep for prolonged periods of time can trigger inflammatory responses and can negatively impact people’s memory, mood, attention and decision-making.
Researchers at Quanzhou First Hospital, affiliated with Fujian Medical University, recently carried out a mouse study aimed at assessing the potential of a new treatment based on exosomes, tiny membrane-covered vesicles that transport biological material between cells, for reversing some of the adverse effects of chronic sleep deprivation. Their findings, published in Translational Psychiatry, suggest that the delivery of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) via exosomes could prevent cells in the mouse brain from becoming damaged following prolonged periods of stress and lack of sleep.
“Chronic sleep deprivation impairs cognition and triggers neuroinflammation, but effective molecular therapies are lacking,” wrote Zhenming Kang, Guoshao Zhu and their colleagues in their paper. “Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) offers neuroprotection, though its delivery across the blood–brain barrier remains a challenge. This study investigates exosomes as a vehicle to enhance brain delivery of HSP70 for treating chronic sleep deprivation.”
Glymphatic influx is negatively correlated with cerebral blood volume in male mice
Li et al. use multimodal MRI to show that cerebral blood volume is inversely correlated with glymphatic influx across six brain states. Lower CBV is associated with expanded extra-ventricular CSF space, and caffeine produces a similar pattern in awake mice, suggesting CBV as a tonic vascular factor complementing pulsation and vasomotion.
Quantum circuit test finally exposes what has been warping performance
Quantum computers could someday solve pressing problems that are too convoluted for classical computers, such as modeling complex molecular interactions to streamline drug discovery and materials development.
But to build a superconducting quantum computer that is large and resilient enough for real-world applications, scientists must precisely engineer thousands of quantum circuits so they perform operations with the lowest possible error rate.
To help scientists design more predictable circuits, researchers from MIT and Lincoln Laboratory developed a technique to measure a property that can unexpectedly cause a superconducting quantum circuit to deviate from its expected behavior. Their analysis revealed the source of these distortions, known as second-order harmonic corrections, leading to underperforming circuit architectures.
Hidden cell ‘message route’ could shift cancer research
A team at Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah (the U) has uncovered a previously unrecognized molecular mechanism by which cells send signals to one another—an insight that could help researchers better understand how cancers form and, over time, inform new treatment strategies.
In the study, published in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, the researchers focus on the Hedgehog signaling pathway, an essential communication system in human development that is frequently disrupted in cancer.
“Cell signaling is like a conversation happening constantly inside our bodies,” says Benjamin Myers, Ph.D., investigator at Huntsman Cancer Institute, associate professor of oncological sciences at the U, and senior author of the study. “We uncovered a new way that this pathway transmits signals at the molecular level—and that opens the door to new ways of thinking about how these messages go wrong in disease.”
Glioblastoma Vaccines as Promising Immune-Therapeutics: Challenges and Current Status
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant brain tumor. Standard treatments including surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, have failed to significantly improve the prognosis of glioblastoma patients. Currently, immunotherapeutic approaches based on vaccines, chimeric antigen-receptor T-cells, checkpoint inhibitors, and oncolytic virotherapy are showing promising results in clinical trials. The combination of different immunotherapeutic approaches is proving satisfactory and promising. In view of the challenges of immunotherapy and the resistance of glioblastomas, the treatment of these tumors requires further efforts. In this review, we explore the obstacles that potentially influence the efficacy of the response to immunotherapy and that should be taken into account in clinical trials.
