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Category: chemistry – Page 15

Stress gene ‘stuck on’ in the brains of people with schizophrenia, study finds

Experts at the University of Sydney have found that a gene involved in regulating the body’s response to stress switches on more easily in the brains of people who live with schizophrenia.

The study, published in the American Journal of Psychiatry and carried out in collaboration with researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, looked at the FKBP5 gene and the corresponding FKBP51 protein, which help regulate how strongly the body responds to stress hormones such as cortisol.

Using donated brain tissue, the researchers found that for people with schizophrenia, the chemical tags that normally keep the FKBP5 gene in check had been stripped away. This change was linked to higher activity of the FKBP5 gene, opening up the possibility of developing new treatments that target it.

Chemical physicists quantitatively model electron interactions in real quantum materials

A team of scientists from Caltech and Yale University has shown for the first time how to accurately quantify an important quantum phenomenon in metals, called the Kondo effect, for specific real materials. Unlike previous approaches, which for decades have relied on simplified models to qualitatively describe the effect, the new work uses the actual atomic and electronic structures of materials to solve the problem directly.

The work represents a step toward simulations of important quantum materials such as high-temperature superconductors, in which the motions of individual electrons depend so sensitively on what other electrons are doing at any moment that they cannot be averaged together.

The team describes the new technique and results in a paper published in Science. The lead authors are Linqing Peng (Ph. D.) and Tianyu Zhu of Yale University. Both Peng and Zhu started working on the project in the lab of Garnet Chan, Bren Professor of Chemistry and director of the Rudolph A. Marcus Center for Theoretical Chemistry at Caltech.

Meet Orexin, The Brain Chemical Behind Staying Motivated

Motivation (or a lack of it) shapes our lives in ways large and small every day: From changing careers to changing TV channels, we’re guided by what motivates us and what we find rewarding.

In a new study published in PNAS, researchers led by a team from Nagoya University in Japan have identified neurons that produce the chemical orexin as playing an important role in food-reward motivation in rats.

These neurons are located in the brain’s hypothalamus and have previously been linked to wakefulness, energy expenditure, and indeed motivation. The researchers behind this latest study wanted to look more closely at that link to motivation.

Molecular trick opens the door to a new generation of glass

Researchers at TU Dortmund University, Paderborn University, the University of Duisburg-Essen, and the University of Oxford have developed a new method for selectively modifying the internal structure of specific types of glass. The study, published in the journal Nature Materials, shows how adding an organic molecule during melting causes the chemical bonds in the material to rearrange. The process reduces the required processing temperature, prevents the substance from decomposing, and allows the magnetic and optical properties to be precisely tuned. These specialized glasses are used, among other things, in gas storage, batteries, optical applications and catalysis.

“We have found a way to chemically modify the structure of glasses derived from so-called metal-organic framework compounds—or MOFs for short—right during the manufacturing process,” explains Dr. Sebastian Henke from TU Dortmund University, who led the study.

To achieve this, the experts used 1,10-phenanthroline. The molecule lowers the melting point while simultaneously altering how the metal atoms in the glass are bonded together. The major advantage is that researchers could develop glasses with magnetic or light-emitting properties that were previously impossible to achieve without destroying the material through extreme heat.

Testing finds 85% of everyday personal care products contain unlabeled chemicals with suspected health hazards

A new study of sunscreens, baby lotions, shampoos, soaps and other everyday products found that nearly all contained chemicals not disclosed on their labels. Most contained at least one unlabeled chemical with known or suspected health hazards, and one in four contained a chemical that contradicted claims on the package, including “phthalate-free” products that contained phthalates. The research is published in Environment & Health.

Microbes turn CO₂ into protein and vitamin B9 at commercially viable prices

Researchers are developing biotechnological processes that enable microbes to produce proteins and vitamins for human consumption using basic chemical ingredients, such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen and oxygen—entirely bypassing livestock farming and agriculture. Because these methods also require energy input, they are popularly called “power-to-protein” and “power-to-vitamin” processes.

Environmental biotechnologist Lars Angenent, of the University of Tübingen’s excellence cluster, Control of Microorganisms to Fight Infections (CMFI), has optimized one such process in the laboratory; it produces proteins as well as vitamin B9, also known as folic acid.

The process is unique in that it comprises two steps, using two different microbes sequentially. Angenent and his team have been working to find out whether it can be scaled up to technically and economically viable industrial production. They have found that a production facility capable of supplying 5.6 million people with the recommended daily dose of vitamin B9 and contributing to their protein intake at market prices would pay for itself after just five years. The study has been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

New brain wave theory explains cognition and consciousness

A new theory, published in The Journal of Neuroscience by three scientists in The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory at MIT, offers an explanation of how the brain produces cognition and consciousness: It uses traveling waves of rhythmic neural activity to coordinate nimble neural networks with analog computations.

The metaphor that the brain operates with “circuits” is incomplete, said Picower Professor Earl K. Miller, the paper’s senior author. Indubitably, the brain’s physically connected circuits provide the infrastructure to store our memories and represent our ongoing needs and goals. But when we need to make improvised use of that knowledge in the rapid-fire, anything goes sensory context the world constantly throws our way, we can’t just depend on the relatively slow chemical process of rewiring those circuit connections called “synapses,” he said. Instead, the brain needs a control system that can coordinate millions of neurons to process information in a fraction of a second. Brain waves, long understood to be the synchronized rhythmic fluctuations of large groups of neurons, turn out to be performing that crucial service, Miller and his colleagues argue, citing years of experimental evidence from his lab and many others.

Circuits and synapses are important and fundamental, that’s the start. But there is more going on. The brain generates waves, and wave dynamics are a highly efficient way to coordinate and perform computation

Computer models pinpoint catalysts for replacing fossil-fueled ammonia production

Ammonia is one of the most important chemicals produced in the world, ranking second only to sulfuric acid in the total volume produced each year. It is used mostly to make fertilizer, which is essential to feeding the world’s population. Yet its production accounts for up to 2% of the world’s energy consumption and about 1.5% of greenhouse gas emissions, so the search has been underway for ways to produce ammonia more sustainably.

The traditional way of making ammonia, in use for more than a century and accounting for the vast majority of production, is the Haber–Bosch process, which relies on fossil fuels to provide the needed heat. Hydrogen used in the process is also largely produced from fossil fuels.

There is another way, using electrochemistry instead of heat and pressure, but so far this method has not been anywhere near economically competitive at the scales needed.

Scientists Turn an Overlooked Chip Layer Into a Powerful New Light Source

A layer once dismissed as mere support has transformed a tiny photonic chip into a powerful generator of new light frequencies.

A laser usually produces one narrow color of light. A device small enough to sit on a fingertip can turn that single input into hundreds of precisely spaced frequencies, creating a tool for measuring time, identifying chemicals, transmitting data, and studying distant objects in space.

Researchers have now expanded what such photonic chips can do by making two of their materials work together. Instead of treating the outer layer as simple packaging, the team used it to generate additional light frequencies that the chip’s main material could not efficiently produce on its own.

Scientists Discover a 3.7-Billion-Year-Old Secret of Early Life

Ancient microbes appear to have used molybdenum as far back as 3.7 billion years ago, despite the metal being scarce in Earth’s early oceans.

Scientists funded by NASA have found that organisms living on Earth more than 3 billion years ago were already using molybdenum, even though the metal was extremely rare in the environment at that time. The research, in Nature Communications, is the first study to show that ancient life depended on molybdenum this early in Earth’s history.

Today, molybdenum plays a key role inside cells by helping important biochemical reactions happen faster. It forms part of essential enzymes that drive several major biological processes in living organisms. These reactions matter not only for individual forms of life, but also for planet-scale biogeochemical cycles, including the nitrogen cycle. Without molybdenum, the same reactions could still occur naturally, but far too slowly to support life.