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Category: biotech/medical – Page 118

New neurons continue to form in the adult human hippocampus: Study

A study in the journal Science presents compelling new evidence that neurons in the brain’s memory center, the hippocampus, continue to form well into late adulthood. The research from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden provides answers to a fundamental and long-debated question about the human brain’s adaptability.

The hippocampus is a brain region that is essential for learning and memory and involved in emotion regulation. Back in 2013, Jonas Frisén’s research group at Karolinska Institutet showed in a high-profile study that can form in the hippocampus of adult humans. The researchers then measured carbon-14 levels in DNA from , which made it possible to determine when the cells were formed.

First Step Towards an Artificial Human Genome Now Underway

As if sequencing a full human genome wasn’t tricky enough, scientists are now attempting to reconstruct our species’ genetic material from the ground up.

It’s an ambitious and controversial project called the Synthetic Human Genome (SynHG) project, and work has already begun on a proof-of-concept.

The goal of this crucial first step is to use the human genome blueprint to write the genetic code for a single, enormously long strand of DNA in just one of our chromosomes – making up approximately 2 percent of our total genome.

DNA Nanotubule‐Based Nanodevices with ATP‐Responsive Gating for Direct Cytosolic Delivery of Nucleic Acids and Proteins

Schematic illustration of two pathways for macromolecular therapeutics delivery: nanoparticle-adopted endocytosis (left) and DNA nanotubule-mediated cytosolic delivery (right). By bypassing conventio…

Research teases apart competing transcription organization models

Scientists at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital have reconciled two closely related but contentious mechanisms underlying transcription, the process of converting genetic information in DNA into messenger RNA. Phase separation has been proposed as a driving force in transcription due to its ability to selectively concentrate proteins and DNA in discrete droplets.

Sphingosine simultaneously inhibits nuclear import and activates PP2A by binding importins and PPP2R1A

Mechanism of sphingosine mediated tumor suppression.

Both sphingosine and ceramide suppress tumor growth, but the molecular details of this regulation are currently unclear.

Sphingosine-like compounds bind to their target proteins and trigger structural changes that activate PP2A (the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) scaffold (PPP2R1A)) and inhibit the importins (KPNB1, TNPO1, IPO7, IPO5).

Together, these actions disable proteins that drive cancer initiation and progression (e.g., YAP, JUN, MYC, the androgen receptor, hnRNPA1, NF-κB, and ribosomal proteins) by triggering their proteasomal degradation and/or inhibiting their nuclear import.

Together, these pathways elicit more robust effects than activating PP2A or inhibiting importins individually.

The effect of endogenous sphingosine on these oncoproteins is limited by its metabolic conversion into ceramide or sphingosine-1-phosphate. https://sciencemission.com/Sphingosine-simultaneously-inhibits

Involvement of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncles in GAA-FGF14 Ataxia

This study found that involvement of the superior cerebellar peduncles is frequent in patients with GAA-FGF14 ataxia (SCA27B)

ObjectivesGAA-FGF14 ataxia (SCA27B) is a recently reported late-onset ataxia caused by a GAA repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FGF14 gene. After the clinical observation of superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) involvement in some affected patients, we sought to verify the prevalence of this finding in our cohort and 4 additional independent cohorts of patients with SCA27B.

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