Google is testing a new image AI model called “Nano Banana 2 Flash,” and it’s going to be as good as the Gemini 3 Pro Nano Banana, but it’ll be cheaper.
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Amygdala Structure, Function, and Clinically Relevant Pathways
The amygdala consists of nuclei which can be grouped into (i) the basolateral nuclear group (BLA), (ii) the superficial cortex-like laminated region (sCLR) which contains the cortical nuclei (Co), and (iii) the centromedial nuclear group.1 The BLA consists of the lateral nucleus (LA) and basal nucleus (BA). In turn, the BA consists of the basolateral nucleus and the basomedial nucleus. The centromedial nuclear group consists of the central nucleus (Ce), medial nucleus (Me), and intercalate cell mass (IC). In turn, Ce consists of a lateral (CeL) subdivision and a medial (CeM) subdivision. The centromedial nuclear group (Ce, Me, and IC) along with the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and sublenticular substantia innominata together comprise the centromedial extended amygdala.
The cellular composition of the BLA nuclei and the sCLR’s Co nuclei resembles that of the cerebral cortex in that the majority of the neurons are pyramidal-like glutamatergic cells while the rest are local GABAergic inhibitory interneurons.1 The inhibitory interneurons include parvalbumin-containing neurons which mainly synapse on the soma and proximal dendrites of the pyramidal cells and somatostatin-containing neurons which mainly synapse on the distal dendrites of the pyramidal neurons. By contrast, the composition of the Ce and Me nuclei resembles the striatum in that many of the neurons are similar to GABAergic medium spiny neurons.
Combined somatic mutation and transcriptome analysis reveals region-specific differences in clonal architecture in human cortex
Viswanadham, Kim, et al. combine somatic mutational and transcriptome analyses to trace the lineages of neuronal clones in the human cerebral cortex. They explore the differences between the visual and prefrontal cortex in clonal development, dispersion, and identities and dissect the lineages of late-rising cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons.
Researchers Publish New T Cell Nomenclature Guidelines
Talking about T cells has become increasingly difficult even among T cell researchers as more discoveries have led to a growing number of subtypes.
To overcome this communication complication, a consortium of researchers proposed new guidelines for T cell nomenclature.
Read more.
Researchers released a consensus statement with recommendations to update T cell nomenclature and improve communication around T cell subtypes.
How do spinal cord injuries heal?
Investigators looked at laboratory mice with spinal cord injury and found that lesion-remote astrocytes (LRAs) play an important role in supporting nervous system repair. They saw strong evidence of the same mechanism in tissue samples from human patients with spinal cord injury.
The Lab identified one LRA subtype that sends out a protein called CCN1 to signal to immune cells called microglia.
“One function of microglia is to serve as chief garbage collectors in the central nervous system,” the senior author said. “After tissue damage, they eat up pieces of nerve fiber debris—which are very fatty and can cause them to get a kind of indigestion. Our experiments showed that astrocyte CCN1 signals the microglia to change their metabolism so they can better digest all that fat.”
The author said this efficient debris clearing might have a role in the spontaneous recovery found in many patients with spinal cord injury. In the absence of the astrocyte-derived CCN1 protein, the investigators found that recovery is drastically impaired.
“If we remove astrocyte CCN1, the microglia eat, but they don’t digest. They call in more microglia, which also eat but don’t digest,” the author said. “Big clusters of debris-filled microglia form, heightening inflammation up and down the spinal cord. And when that happens, the tissue doesn’t repair as well.”
When investigators looked at spinal cord tissue from human patients with multiple sclerosis, they found the same mechanism at work, the author said and added that these fundamental principles of tissue repair likely apply to any sort of injury of the brain or spinal cord.
Why imaginary numbers are central to quantum physics
One of the world’s foremost philosophers of physics, Maudlin is Professor of Philosophy at NYU and Founder and Director of the John Bell Institute for the Foundations of Physics.
He is a member of the “Foundational Questions Institute” of the Académie Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences and is the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, and author of ‘The Metaphysics Within Physics’, ‘Truth and Paradox: Solving the Riddles’ and ‘Quantum Non-Locality and Relativity’
Tap the link to watch his full talk now: https://iai.tv/video/tim-maudlin-why-imaginary-numbers-are-c…um-physics
Why do imaginary numbers appear at the foundation of quantum mechanics? This question, which puzzled even great physicists like Eugene Wigner, opens up deeper issues about what it means to explain features of the mathematical formalism used in physical theory. Join philosopher of science Tim Maudlin as he explores that question through the lens of quantum dynamics, arguing that the appearance of complex numbers in Schrödinger’s equation is not arbitrary, but motivated by the need for a particular kind of wave-like structure in fundamental dynamics.
Artificial Intelligence–Based Automated Echocardiographic Analysis and the Workflow of Sonographers: A Randomized Crossover Trial (AI‐Echo RCT)
RCT results: An automated AI analysis led to reduced exam time, increased scan volume and image quality, and lower fatigue. @KagiyamaNobu