A new peptide-based vaccine elicited antigen-specific T cell responses in high-risk patients, demonstrating proof of concept for PDAC intervention.
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Quantum Neural Networks Face the Hardware Test
Artificial neural networks have become powerful tools for finding patterns in complex data, from classifying images to predicting protein structures and assisting mathematical discovery. Yet their success has so far relied almost entirely on classical hardware. Recent developments in quantum-computing technologies make it timely to ask whether trainable models can also make use of quantum effects such as superposition and the intrinsic uncertainty associated with quantum measurements. What’s more, running neural networks on real quantum processors could potentially turn these networks into probes, revealing how different hardware architectures shape networks’ behaviors.
Why Flowing Spins Polarize Up or Down
One of the goals of spintronics is to flip the magnetization of ferromagnetic domains solely via an electrically controlled spin current flowing in a layer underneath. The antiferromagnet manganese germanide (Mn3Ge) is a prime candidate for providing that control thanks to the out-of-plane polarization of its spin currents. Now Mingxing Wu of the University of Tokyo and his colleagues have identified which of two mechanisms proposed by theorists is responsible for the polarization [1]. The answer is both.
The triangular lattice of Mn3Ge causes groups of three adjacent spins to orient themselves at 120° with respect to each other. That noncolinear arrangement engenders so-called Weyl points in the crystal’s band structure. Thanks to a quantum geometry property called Berry curvature, Weyl points act like internal magnetic fields that deflect electrons in a spin-dependent way.
Until the work of Wu and his colleagues, just how the deflection leads to out-of-plane polarization was unclear. It could conceivably arise either via a mechanism called spin swapping (SSW) or via the magnetic spin Hall effect (MSHE). To settle the question, the researchers subjected single-crystal strips of Mn3Ge topped with layers of permalloy (a nickel–iron alloy) to a technique called spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR). The ST-FMR signal from MSHE depends on the orientation of the Mn3Ge lattice with respect to the spin current, whereas the signal from SSW does not. By creating differently oriented samples, Wu and his colleagues found that both mechanisms contribute to the out-of-plane spin polarization with comparable magnitudes. Now that the mystery has been solved, the next step is to harness both mechanisms for the magnetic-field-free switching of magnetization.
Researchers expand simulation tool to help design the next generation of photonic and quantum devices
Many modern technologies, from optical communications and artificial intelligence (AI) hardware to advanced sensors and medical imaging, depend on photonic and semiconductor devices that precisely control the interaction between light and electrons. Designing these devices, however, remains a major challenge because existing simulation tools often require researchers to choose between modeling an entire device or capturing the detailed behavior of electrons. Few can do both within the same model.
Researchers from the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) and National University of Singapore (NUS) have developed a new computational approach that extends the widely used open-source particle-in-cell (PIC) method with condensed-matter physics. The result is a single platform that can simulate a much broader range of light-matter interactions in metals, semiconductors and emerging quantum materials.
Published in Computer Physics Communications, the research, “Particle-in-cell simulations of quantum plasmas,” demonstrates how an established plasma physics tool can be adapted to study condensed-matter systems, opening new possibilities for designing photonic and quantum technologies.
Engineered enzyme erases a stubborn mark of aging by up to 70% in human tissue samples
A biotech company called Revel Pharmaceuticals is looking into ways to reverse aging, and the company’s science team, along with researchers from the company Calico and the University of Colorado, may be a step closer to realizing the so-called fountain of youth. The team recently published their study in Nature Communications detailing how they engineered an enzyme capable of reversing a particular form of age-related damage and demonstrated its competence with test results.
One common sign of aging in the cells of living organisms is a type of protein damage called Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML). CML is part of a group of harmful compounds aptly named “AGEs” (or advanced glycation and lipoxidation end products). Oddly enough, it is also part of the Maillard reaction, known for causing the browning in cooked food that creates rich, savory flavors, complex aromas and golden-brown crusts. In living organisms, CML builds up on long-lived proteins, like those in skin, blood vessels and the eye. This stiffens tissues and can fuel chronic inflammation through an immune-signaling receptor called “RAGE.”
“The engagement of the CML-RAGE axis triggers a signaling cascade that activates NF-κB and stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and profibrotic growth factors. In the context of the central nervous system, CML accumulation has been linked to oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in microglia, further disrupting brain homeostasis during aging,” the authors of the new study explain.
Quantum internet leaves the lab with first real-world entanglement over busy telecom fiber
Quantum information is notoriously fragile. Internet traffic is anything but. Yet Northwestern University scientists have demonstrated they can peacefully coexist inside the same fiber-optic cable.
In a new study, researchers successfully sent entangled photons through a 24.4-kilometer (15.2-mile) fiber-optic cable connecting Evanston and downtown Chicago while the same cable simultaneously carried high-capacity internet traffic. Even amid the torrent of conventional data, the quantum signals remained remarkably intact—preserving entanglement with more than 94% fidelity.
By allowing fragile quantum signals and powerful classical data streams to share the same optical fiber, the work demonstrates a practical path toward building future quantum networks without requiring entirely new communications infrastructure.
Kindness emerges intuitively in young children before reflection catches up, study finds
While humans are inherently social beings, psychology studies suggest that their social skills are gradually fine-tuned over time and with experience. Understanding when different social skills emerge and how they typically develop could help devise new strategies that encourage people to behave prosocially and cooperate with others around them.
Researchers at London School of Economics, University of Stavanger and University of Milan-Bicocca recently carried out a study exploring how social behaviors emerge and become stable across childhood. Their findings, published in Nature Human Behavior, suggest that while kindness and cooperation are intuitive behaviors in early childhood, they later become deliberate and part of children’s personal disposition.
“Our study was initially motivated by the wish to extend findings of our previous paper in Scientific Reports,” Elena Nava, senior author of the paper, told Medical Xpress.
New multiplexing scheme accelerates long-distance quantum communication
Quantum networks, systems consisting of multiple connected nodes or devices that can transmit quantum information to one another, have the potential to advance future communications. These networks typically leverage entanglement, a quantum phenomenon that prompts two or more distant particles to become highly correlated, so that measuring one instantly affects the state of the other.
To ensure that distant particles have become entangled and can transmit quantum states, some quantum scientists try to realize so-called heralded entanglement. This entails confirmation, from a detectable signal, that entanglement between nodes has been established.
Researchers at Tsinghua University and Hefei National Laboratory recently introduced a promising strategy to accelerate the generation of heralded entanglement between multiple ions (i.e., atoms with an electrical charge). Their proposed approach, outlined in a paper published in Physical Review Letters, relies on a so-called multiplexing scheme, a technique to send multiple signals through the same communication channel.
Neural networks unlock larger quantum simulations with lower computational costs
In recent years, research using artificial intelligence to predict material properties has advanced rapidly. Neural network quantum Monte Carlo methods have attracted attention as highly accurate simulation techniques. However, their extremely high computational cost has limited their application to small molecular systems. This study introduces a new computational method that overcomes this limitation.
Methods that simulate electron-level mechanisms on supercomputers are widely used to explore novel materials and understand biological phenomena. There is strong demand for new approaches that can deliver faster predictions while maintaining high accuracy.
Plasma design rules show how to preserve attosecond flashes for observing electrons
Researchers at Skoltech, together with a colleague from the Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, working within the joint SIOM–Skoltech laboratory, have determined how to select the thickness and density of a plasma target so that a pulse passing through it retains its attosecond duration and high intensity. The results will help improve the design of plasma-based sources of ultraviolet and X-ray radiation used to study ultrafast processes in matter.
The work is published in Applied Physics Letters.
An attosecond is 10⁻¹⁸ of a second. Pulses of this duration can be compared to an ultrafast camera flash: They make it possible to effectively “freeze” the motion of electrons and investigate processes that cannot be resolved using longer pulses. This is important for studying atoms, molecules, solids and new materials.