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High explosives in slow motion: Freezing molecules in place shows chemical reactions
Safe and effective high explosives are critical to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratoryâs (LLNL) mission of stockpile stewardship. It is relatively simple to study the composition of such material before a detonation or examine the soot-like remnants afterward. But the chemistry in between, which dictates much of the detonation process, evades experimental interrogation as it passes by in a few nanoseconds or less.
In a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers from SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and LLNL triggered a slow decomposition of a high explosive and measured the effects on the molecules within it. The work provides the proof of concept for a process that could be extended to examine ultra-fast dynamic chemistry during detonations and illuminates intermediate structures that have never been experimentally seen before.
At the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, the team used X-rays to both trigger the chemical reactions involved in decomposition and measure the results.
How new information triggers the brain to navigate changing environments
In a paper published in the journal Nature Communications, biomedical engineers have shown how two brain regions quickly adapt to shift focus from one planned destination to another.
Stephanie Prince explains her research with a scenario many Atlantans can relate to. Imagine youâre driving to the Atlanta airport to pick up a friend. They call to say theyâre in the terminalâbut theyâre not sure which one. North, maybe? You head in that direction through the maze of roads around the airport.
Then they call back. Theyâre actually in the South Terminal. So you make a quick mental adjustment and switch your route to arrive at the correct side of the airport.
âALS on a chipâ model reveals altered motor neuron signaling
Using stem cells from patients with ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), Cedars-Sinai has created a lifelike model of the mysterious and fatal disease that could help identify a cause of the illness as well as effective treatments.
In a study published in the journal Cell Stem Cell, investigators detail how they created âALS on a chipâ and the clues the specialized laboratory chip has already produced about nongenetic causes of the disease, also known as Lou Gehrigâs disease.
The work builds on previous studies where adult cells from ALS patients were reverted into stem cells. The cells were then pushed forward to produce motor neurons, which die in the disease, causing progressive loss of the ability to move, speak, eat and breathe.
A Novel Platform for Root Protection Applies New Root-Coating Technologies to Mitigate Soil-Borne Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Disease
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a soil-borne virus showing a low percentage of ca. 3% soil-mediated infection when the soil contains root debris from a previous 30â50 day growth cycle of ToBRFV-infected tomato plants. We designed stringent conditions of soil-mediated ToBRFV infection by increasing the length of the pre-growth cycle to 90â120 days, adding a ToBRFV inoculum as well as truncating seedling roots, which increased seedling susceptibility to ToBRFV infection. These rigorous conditions were employed to challenge the efficiency of four innovative root-coating technologies in mitigating soil-mediated ToBRFV infection while avoiding any phytotoxic effect. We tested four different formulations, which were prepared with or without the addition of various virus disinfectants. We found that under conditions of 100% soil-mediated ToBRFV infection of uncoated positive control plants, root-coating with formulations based on methylcellulose (MC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), silica Pickering emulsion and super-absorbent polymer (SAP) that were prepared with the disinfectant chlorinated-trisodium phosphate (Cl-TSP) showed low percentages of soil-mediated ToBRFV infection of 0%, 4.3%, 5.5% and 0%, respectively. These formulations had no adverse effect on plant growth parameters when compared to negative control plants grown under non ToBRFV inoculation conditions.
New MRI approach maps brain metabolism, revealing disease signatures
A new technology that uses clinical MRI machines to image metabolic activity in the brain could give researchers and clinicians unique insight into brain function and disease, researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign report. The non-invasive, high-resolution metabolic imaging of the whole brain revealed differences in metabolic activity and neurotransmitter levels among brain regions; found metabolic alterations in brain tumors; and mapped and characterized multiple sclerosis lesionsâwith patients only spending minutes in an MRI scanner.
Led by Zhi-Pei Liang, a professor of electrical and computer engineering and a member of the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the U. of I., the team reported its findings in the journal Nature Biomedical Engineering.
âUnderstanding the brain, how it works and what goes wrong when it is injured or diseased is considered one of the most exciting and challenging scientific endeavors of our time,â Liang said. âMRI has played major roles in unlocking the mysteries of the brain over the past four decades. Our new technology adds another dimension to MRIâs capability for brain imaging: visualization of brain metabolism and detection of metabolic alterations associated with brain diseases.â
Cerebellum may set the stage for development of mental empathy in early childhood
We canât see what other people are thinking, so we have to infer it and thatâs very crucial for our communication as humans. Thatâs how we create shared meaning and thatâs how we choose our words to be understood, a kind of mental empathy.
A pivotal milestone in the development of Theory of Mind reasoning occurs between the ages of 3 and 5 years, a breakthrough period in which children typically start succeeding in false-belief tasks, widely regarded as a critical test of Theory of Mind abilities. These tasks require children to recognize false beliefs held by a story character, typically in the context of the characterâs mental misrepresentations regarding an objectâs location, content, or nature. Successfully passing false-belief tasks is argued to reflect the emergence of representations of othersâ mental states.
To find out more about this critical period where social cognition evolves, scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences used collected data from 41 children between 3 and 12 years old.
Gene editing treats smooth muscle disease in preclinical model
Using gene editing in a preclinical model, researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center blocked the symptoms of a rare smooth muscle disease before they developed. Their findings, published in Circulation, could eventually lead to gene therapies for this and other genetic diseases affecting smooth muscle cells.
âGene editing has been used in other disease contexts, but its application to inherited vascular diseases, particularly targeting smooth muscle cells in vivo, is still emerging. Our approach advances the field by demonstrating functional correction in a cell type thatâs notoriously difficult to target,â said Eric Olson, Ph.D., Chair and Professor of Molecular Biology and a member of the Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center at UT Southwestern.
Dr. Olson co-led the study with Ning Liu, Ph.D., Professor of Molecular Biology, and first author Qianqian Ding, Ph.D., postdoctoral researcher, both members of the Olson Lab.
Rare Gene Mutation Delays Alzheimerâs by Damping Immune Cell Inflammatory Signaling
Researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine report that a rare gene mutation that delays Alzheimerâs disease does so by damping inflammatory signaling in brain-resident immune cells in a preclinical study. The finding adds to growing evidence that brain inflammation is a major driver of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimerâsâand that it may be a key therapeutic target for these disorders.
In their study âThe R136S mutation in the APOE3 gene confers resilience against tau pathology via inhibition of the cGAS-STING-IFN pathway,â in Immunity, the investigators examined the effects of the mutation APOE3-R136Sâknown as the âChristchurch mutationââwhich was recently found to delay hereditary early-onset Alzheimerâs. The scientists showed that the mutation inhibits the cGAS-STING pathway, an innate immune signaling cascade that is abnormally activated in Alzheimerâs and other neurodegenerative diseases. The researchers found that pharmacologically blocking the cGAS-STING pathway with a drug-like inhibitor replicated key protective effects of the mutation in a preclinical model.
âThis is an exciting study because it suggests that inhibiting this cGAS-STING pathway could make the brain more resistant to the Alzheimerâs process, even in the face of significant tau accumulation,â said study senior author Li Gan, PhD, the Burton P. and Judith B. Resnick Distinguished Professor in Neurodegenerative Diseases and director of the Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimerâs Disease Research Institute at Weill Cornell Medicine.
Two-step system makes plastic from carbon dioxide, water and electricity
What if a machine could suck up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, run it through a series of chemical reactions, and essentially spit out industrially useful plastic?
âI think that is something that we, as a society, would be interested in. After all, in addition to being a greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide is an abundant and inexpensive feedstock,â says Theo Agapie, Ph.D., the John Stauffer Professor of Chemistry and the executive officer for chemistry at Caltech. âWith our new work, we have taken a significant step in that direction.â
Reporting in the journal Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Agapie and a team of Caltech chemists have developed a system that uses electricity from sustainable sources to carry out the chemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into molecules, such as ethylene and carbon monoxide, that are useful for making more complex compounds.