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Solving a 30-year-old puzzle about a mysterious superconducting material

A material made from yttrium, barium and copper oxide (better known as YBCO) has intrigued scientists since its discovery in 1987, largely because it retains its superconductive properties at a higher-than-normal temperature. However, it is extremely brittle, which makes it tricky to put to practical use.

But researchers can still learn much from it. For instance, its unusual properties can provide insight into designing possible room-temperature superconductors —that is, materials that conduct electricity with no resistance at room temperature. Doing so would have a huge impact on power transmission, medical imaging and fusion reactor magnets.

One thing about YBCO that has mystified researchers is that doping it with praseodymium, a rare earth element, completely kills the material’s superconductive properties. That is unusual because adding other rare earth elements to YBCO does not have the same effect.

World’s first superconducting quantum heat engine offers path to larger quantum computers

Recent improvements in our understanding of how the principles of thermodynamics apply in the quantum realm could give a boost to quantum technology, and a clearer picture of quantum thermodynamics could in turn enhance our understanding of classical thermodynamics. Now, Aalto University researchers have demonstrated the first cyclic quantum heat engine inside a superconducting circuit.

Physicists have become increasingly fascinated with the idea that classical thermodynamics could be combined with quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics captures the behavior of particles on tiny scales—smaller than atoms—while thermodynamics is about large systems, from molecules up to the entire universe. How do strange quantum phenomena like tunneling, entanglement and superposition mix with the stolid familiarity of the heat engines that kick-started the Industrial Revolution?

Heat engines, like James Watt’s famous steam engine, convert heat into useful energy, or work. They power our cars, ships and planes, and heat engines are how most power plants generate electricity. Now, the world’s first superconducting quantum heat engine has been built: a tiny device consisting of a transmon qubit, a resonator and a quantum refrigerator.

Oobleck droplets reveal 5 ways cornstarch ‘goo’ behaves when hitting water

Cornstarch can thicken soup or serve as a base for a DIY shampoo, but there’s more to the humble pantry staple. Given the right conditions, it seems to defy the laws of physics. Mixing cornstarch with water creates “oobleck”—a shape-shifting substance classified as a non-Newtonian fluid that changes states when subjected to a force.

Leave it alone, and it oozes like liquid. Stir it up, and it gets more viscous before locking into a solid. Under certain conditions, if it’s punctured, it can even fracture, according to Northeastern University researchers. The thickening phenomenon is known as the oobleck effect.

Back in 1949, Seuss made oobleck famous as the “green goo” wreaking havoc on a fictional kingdom that a boy named Bartholomew endeavors to rescue. But today, Northeastern mechanical and industrial engineering scientist Xiaoyu Tang and Ph.D. student Boqian Yan are using the same mix of ingredients for a different purpose.

White-beam neutron device unlocks precise control of twisted quantum waves

CANISIUS is the official name of the new spin-echo neutron interferometer developed at Atominstitut, TU Wien. It enables precise control of neutron waves, something that was previously impossible.

Neutrons cannot be imagined as tiny spheres; they have wave properties similar to light. This was spectacularly demonstrated in 1974 at the nuclear reactor of the Atominstitut—and it was precisely here that researchers succeeded in exploiting this wave nature of neutrons in a novel way: A measuring device was developed that can use the angular momentum of neutrons in a particularly clever way for experiments. Not only the intrinsic angular momentum—the spin—but also the orbital angular momentum, which is related to the waveform of the neutron, can be adjusted.

The research is published in the journal Review of Scientific Instruments.

New 200Gbps photodetector doubles optical reception capacity for data centers

Korean researchers have developed, for the first time in Korea, a 200Gbps-class photodetector device for use in hyperscale AI data centers and 5G/6G mobile communications infrastructure. The technology enables ultrahigh-speed data reception fast enough to transmit five 5GB full HD movies per second. The results of this study were presented at OECC 2025, held in Sapporo, Japan, and were recently published in Optics Express.

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) announced that it has developed a photodetector device capable of processing 200Gbps-class optical signals per channel. A photodetector is a key semiconductor component that converts optical signals into electrical signals and is essential in determining data reception performance in data centers and communication networks.

The photodetector device developed by the researchers simultaneously achieved a bandwidth of 70GHz or higher, high responsivity of 0.75A/W or greater, and dimensions of 0.5mm × 0.4mm. In particular, applying a “rear-lens integrated structure” that monolithically integrates a convex lens made of indium phosphide (InP) on the back of the chip significantly improved optical reception efficiency and alignment convenience. The entire process, from design to fabrication, was implemented using purely domestic technology.

Reimagining the furnace: How a new magnetic design could supercharge industrial plasma

Imagine trying to trap a miniature star inside a machine without letting it touch the walls or burn itself out. This is the central, high-stakes challenge of high-temperature plasma engineering.

High-temperature plasma systems are crucial for modern industry. They serve as the foundation for manufacturing semiconductors, synthesizing advanced nanomaterials and testing materials meant for extreme environments. However, for decades, these systems have been held back by three major engineering bottlenecks: low energy-conversion efficiency, chaotic plasma instability and rapid material degradation caused by punishing heat.

In my recent paper published in IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, I set out to tackle these limitations by designing a completely new type of non-nuclear reactor: the Spherical Magnetically Stabilized Plasma Furnace, or SMSPF. My initial goal was to step away from traditional linear or cylindrical reactor designs to see whether a spherical geometry could inherently solve containment issues.

Study reports the first detection of a sugar in interstellar space

Sugars are key biomolecules in living organisms, as they form the backbone of DNA and RNA and play a fundamental role in metabolic processes. In theories of the origin of life, sugars are also essential for the synthesis of the first nucleic acids. Despite their importance, one of the major questions in origin-of-life research is how the first sugars formed on Earth, since laboratory experiments show that they do not form in sufficient quantities under prebiotic conditions.

Sugars such as ribose and glucose have previously been detected in meteorite and asteroid samples, suggesting that some of these molecules may have originated in the primordial molecular cloud from which our solar system formed. However, until now, no sugar had ever been directly detected in the interstellar medium.

Firefly brightness holds a cautionary tale about accepting older measurements

For over a century, the accepted value for a firefly’s brightness has mostly stood, tracing its origins to experiments carried out in 1912. Through rigorous new analysis published in the American Journal of Physics, David Silver of Remiza AI in New York has discovered that this value has likely been vastly overestimated. His results provide a stark reminder of what can happen when widely accepted older measurements are converted into modern standard units.

Out of the hundreds of species of animals, fungi and bacteria that produce their own light, fireflies are the most widely studied. In the 1880s, experiments revealed that their flashing bioluminescence emerges from a catalyzed reaction between an organic compound named luciferin and an enzyme named luciferase.

In 1912, the brightness of these flashes was measured for the first time by William Coblentz—one of the founders of modern radiometry. “Coblentz reported that the flash of the firefly Photinus pyralis ranged from 1/50th to 1/400th the power of a candle, with 1/400 predominating,” Silver describes.

AI-powered electronic nose can distinguish tens of thousands of odors

A research team has presented a roadmap for developing an “artificial olfactory system” that detects odors like the human nose and analyzes them using artificial intelligence (AI) by leveraging metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The team systematically organized and reviewed key research trends in electronic nose technology, from MOF material design to sensor implementation and AI-based odor pattern recognition. The research was led by Hyuk-Jun Kwon’s in the Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science of Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology. The work is published in the journal Progress in Materials Science.

An artificial olfactory system, or “electronic nose (e-nose),” is a technology in which AI learns and analyzes signal patterns generated when multiple sensors respond to odor molecules. Although it has broad potential applications in areas such as food safety, environmental pollution monitoring, hazardous gas detection and disease diagnosis, conventional sensor materials have faced limitations in selectivity, response speed and operating conditions.

The research team focused on MOFs as a key material for overcoming these limitations. MOFs are porous materials formed by combining metal ions and organic compounds, and they can effectively adsorb odor molecules through their microscopic pores. Moreover, because their structures and chemical properties can be tailored for specific purposes, they are regarded as next-generation sensor materials capable of sensitively detecting various odors even under room-temperature, low-power operating conditions.

New 3D thermal cloak hides objects from heat in any direction

Researchers have designed and built the first 3D device that can make objects invisible to heat, an advance that could transform how we protect sensitive electronics, manage heat in microchips and shield equipment from thermal detection.

The new thermal cloak can hide objects of almost any shape from infrared cameras while also protecting them from extreme temperatures. Unlike previous designs, which worked only in two dimensions or from a single direction, the cloak works from essentially any direction. Rather than simply blocking heat, thermal cloaking guides heat around an object so that, to an infrared camera, it appears as if nothing is there.

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign civil and environmental engineering professor Shelly Zhang, postdoctoral researcher Weichen Li and graduate student Yibo Wang collaborated with professor Ole Sigmund at the Technical University of Denmark on the study, which was published in the journal Nature Communications.

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