Lifeboat Foundation: Safeguarding Humanity
Toggle light / dark theme

Blog

Category: materials – Page 3

Efficacy and safety of durcabtagene autoleucel in a phase 1 trial for patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma

Prolonged manufacturing times for autologous CAR T cell therapies can be incompatible with rapidly progressive disease (PD), resulting in increased need for bridging therapy to achieve disease stabilization. Bridging therapy was required for most patients receiving cilta-cel and ide-cel in clinical trials (75 and 87%, respectively) (7, 9, 11, 12). Although use of bridging therapy may not affect ORR, CRR, or PFS, it is associated with worse overall survival (15). Similarly, as wait times for CAR T cell product increase, so does risk of mortality as effectiveness of the therapy decreases (16, 17), highlighting the need for improved CAR T cell products with faster and more reliable manufacturing.

Another issue associated with traditionally manufactured CAR T cell products is T cell exhaustion due to extended periods of in vitro stimulation and expansion during manufacturing (18). Higher levels of exhausted T cells were also observed in the leukapheresis material and final products from patients who later experienced PD (18). T cell exhaustion can result in poor persistence of CAR T cells in the body, thereby impeding function as the proliferation and survival of transferred T cells strongly correlate with their antitumor activity (19–22). Specific T cell populations have varying abilities to expand and persist in vivo. Memory (CD8+CD45RO−CD27+) and naive T cell (TN cell) subsets are associated with improved clinical response, given their ability to proliferate and persist after infusion, whereas effector T cell subsets comparatively exhibit lower self-renewal and survival capabilities (19, 23, 24). Although these patient-specific parameters are initially established in leukapheresis material, preservation of such cell populations in the final product via manufacturing techniques may improve the antitumor activity of a patient’s CAR T cell therapy (18, 19, 23, 24).

Durcabtagene autoleucel (PHE885) is an autologous, BCMA-targeting CAR T cell therapy carrying a CAR construct with a fully human anti-BCMA single-chain fragment variable (scFv) fused to 4-1BB/CD3ζ signaling domains manufactured on a next-generation platform. Prior work has shown that this platform can successfully manufacture product in fewer than 2 days by eliminating the need for ex vivo expansion, thereby preserving overall T cell stemness (the ability of T cells to self-renew and mature), which results in a final product with greater proliferative potential and fewer exhausted T cells (18). Here, we present the findings of part A of the phase 1 study (NCT04318327) of durcabtagene autoleucel in r/r MM, along with correlative analyses of the product before and after infusion.

Ripples in fire-ant collectives suggest motions are driven by neighbor alignments

Researchers in Spain have discovered that in collectives of moving fire ants, rippling “waves” of density and activity are likely triggered by local regions where ants collectively travel in the same direction as their neighbors.

Described in a new paper published in Journal of Applied Physics, Alberto Fernandez-Nieves and colleagues at the University of Barcelona are hopeful that their predictions could be confirmed in future experiments—potentially leading to deeper insights into the complex motions of active materials.

The strange quantum property of tomorrow’s insulator

Ultra-fast data transfer and superconductivity: Quantum materials offer significant technological prospects—if we can understand them at the atomic scale. A team from the University of Geneva (UNIGE), in collaboration with the University of Salerno, the Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, and the National Research Council of Italy, has succeeded in observing the “quantum metric” in a topological insulator—a unique geometric property of these materials, which conduct electricity only on their surface.

Published in Nature Materials, this work represents a major step toward mastering the materials of the future.

Not all materials conduct electricity in the same way. These differences arise from the behavior of the electrons that make up the material. Among them, topological insulators—discovered in 2006—are of particular interest to scientists. Like conventional insulators, they block the flow of electric current through their interior, yet, remarkably, allow it to flow freely across their surface.

A More Accurate Prediction of Band-Gap Energies

Temperature is a tuning knob for semiconductor-band-gap energies, which in turn play a key role in the performance of optoelectronic devices. But computational tools for predicting this temperature dependence from first principles struggle to capture the influence of one main factor: many-electron effects in electron–phonon interactions. Xiaoxun Gong at the University of California, Berkeley, and colleagues now demonstrate a computational framework that properly accounts for these effects [1]. Their framework could aid the design of materials and devices with precisely tailored electronic and optical properties.

Theoretical calculations consistently underestimate the strength of electron–phonon interactions and how they modify band gaps at different temperatures. Previous studies indicated that this discrepancy likely stems from insufficient treatment of many-electron effects. To quantify the role of electron–phonon interactions more accurately, Gong and his colleagues have proposed a new framework that breaks down the total temperature-dependent modification of the band gap into various contributions. Within this framework, they analyzed electron–phonon interactions using a many-body perturbation theory, in which electrons’ energies and their perturbation by phonons are captured by the “GW” approximation.

To test their framework, the researchers computed the band gaps of diamond, silicon, and gallium phosphide at different temperatures. They found that the temperature-dependent band-gap modification was enhanced using the GW-based perturbation theory—especially compared to a description based on density-functional theory (DFT), the workhorse tool for first-principles electronic calculations. The new predictions for all three materials showed excellent agreement with previous measurements.

Rethinking hysteresis—a thermodynamic framework for history-dependent solids

Many solid materials “remember” their past. A piece of metal may respond differently after being stretched, heated, or cooled, and memory materials rely precisely on this kind of history-dependent behavior. This phenomenon, known as hysteresis, is central to technologies such as memory devices, energy conversion materials, and durable structural materials.

However, hysteresis has long posed a problem for thermodynamics. In conventional thinking, the state of a material should be described by state variables, such as temperature and volume. But in solids, the same temperature and volume can correspond to different material properties depending on the material’s past treatment.

For this reason, hysteresis has traditionally been treated as a nonequilibrium phenomenon, outside the standard framework of thermodynamics.

Renal Oncocytic Neoplasms: Review of Classification Updates, Imaging, and Management

Renal oncocytic neoplasms present diagnostic challenges, both at imaging and pathologic evaluation. The World Health Organization classification of renal neoplasms defines a spectrum of oncocytic neoplasms, including emerging entities that help define previously uncharacterized or mischaracterized tumors. Low-grade oncocytic tumors and eosinophilic vacuolated tumors are distinguishable from other oncocytic neoplasms at pathologic evaluation and typically demonstrate indolent behavior. Nomenclature regarding hybrid neoplasms has been clarified in reference to hereditary cases associated with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Preoperative diagnostic difficulties at imaging contribute to high rates of resected benign renal tumors, the majority being renal oncocytomas. The imaging appearances of oncocytic neoplasms are similar, and the inability to confidently diagnose them at imaging has led to increased resection rates. Preoperative renal mass biopsy may be preventative, but its utilization remains low, diagnoses can be equivocal, and establishing tumor aggressiveness may not always be reliable. Malignant renal oncocytic tumors, including chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, are generally considered the less aggressive subtypes of renal cell carcinoma. However, distinguishing them from the more aggressive clear cell subtype remains challenging, despite imaging frameworks designed to aid categorization. Active surveillance is a safe management option among biopsy-confirmed renal oncocytic neoplasms, but it remains uncertain which patients are suitable for this approach. Diagnostic imaging may assist in risk-stratifying oncocytic neoplasms, with mass enhancement, heterogeneity, and calcification potentially differentiating benign from malignant oncocytic neoplasms. Mass attenuation and heterogeneity may differentiate low-grade and high-grade cancers. Molecular imaging and other emerging techniques, such as MR fingerprinting, may play a role in the future.

©RSNA, 2026

Supplemental material is available for this article.

Consciousness Is the Only Thing That Truly Exists, Scientist Says

He compares our working minds to a flying kite, where the kite is the brain and the wind is consciousness as a fundamental part of reality. “The kite has to be built from the right materials in the right configuration with the right tether, but its flight depends entirely on the wind,” Reggente says.

A radio makes another good analogy, Reggente explains.

“[The radio] doesn’t produce the broadcast, it receives and transduces a signal that’s already present,” he says. “But unlike a radio, the brain isn’t merely reproducing that signal with high fidelity—it’s interacting with it. And that interaction is what gives rise to our particular subjective experience.”

Nickelate reveals nodeless gap, providing key clue to high-temperature superconductivity

The mechanism of high-temperature (TC) superconductivity is a key challenge in condensed matter physics. Recently, Chinese scientists made significant progress in the study of high-TC nickelate superconductors.

For the first time, scientists observed a nodeless superconducting gap and discovered electron-boson coupling by measuring the electronic structures of Ruddlesden-Popper bilayer nickelate superconducting thin films. These results provide crucial evidence for two fundamental issues in the mechanism of high-TC nickelates: “superconducting gap symmetry” and “superconducting pairing mechanism.”

This study, conducted by a team led by Prof. He Junfeng from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with a team led by Prof. Xue Qikun and Prof. Chen Zhuoyu from the Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), was published in Science.

/* */