Lifeboat Foundation

What do clouds, televisions, pharmaceuticals, and even the dirt under our feet have in common? They all have or use crystals in some way. Crystals are more than just fancy gemstones. Clouds form when water vapor condenses into ice crystals in the atmosphere. Liquid crystal displays are used in a variety of electronics, from televisions to instrument panels. Crystallization is an important step for drug discovery and purification. Crystals also make up rocks and other minerals. Their crucial role in the environment is a focus of materials science and health sciences research.

Scientists have yet to fully understand how crystallization occurs, but the importance of surfaces in promoting the process has long been recognized. Research from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), the University of Washington (UW), and Durham University sheds new light on how crystals form at surfaces. Their results were published in Science Advances.

Previous studies on crystallization led scientists to form the classical nucleation theory—the predominant explanation for why crystals begin to form, or nucleate. When crystals nucleate, they begin as very small ephemeral clusters of just a few atoms. Their small size makes the clusters extremely difficult to detect. Scientists have managed to collect only a few images of such processes.

Summary: Study reveals a strong connection between certain bacteria residing in the gut and metabolites, small molecules found in the blood.

Source: Uppsala University.

There are strong links between bacteria living in the gut and the levels of small molecules in the blood known as metabolites. Such is the finding of a new study led by researchers from Uppsala University and Lund University, which is now published in the journal Nature Communications.

Researchers at Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center have identified a gene marker that may lead to a more effective, precision treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The researcher’s findings are published in Nature Cancer.

“Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most lethal cancers,” says the paper’s senior author Zhenkun Lou, Ph.D. Dr. Lou says while Poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are now an FDA-approved option for standard maintenance therapy for patients with metastatic PDAC who harbor pathogenic germline BRCA1/2 mutations, only about 10 percent of patients with PDAC harbor pathogenic mutations of the homologous recombination (HR) genes. “This leaves most patients missing out on this encouraging treatment strategy,” says Dr. Lou.

In this study, Dr. Lou and his colleagues found that the protein METTL16 may be a new biomarker for PARPi treatment, and that PDAC with elevated expression of METTL16, may benefit from PARPi treatment.

Researchers said the reason for this is because of “remarkable advances” in medical research and cancer prevention, detection, diagnosis and treatment. Between August 1, 2021 and July 31, 2022, for example, the Food and Drug Administration approved eight new anticancer therapeutics, 10 already approved therapeutics for use for new cancer types and two new diagnostic imaging agents.

“We have now a revolution in immune therapies. And when you put that together with the combination of targeted therapies, chemo and radiation therapy, we now have patients that would have died within two years of a diagnosis living 15, 20, 25, 30 years, essentially cured of their malignancies,” AACR President Lisa Coussens said.

However, this progress is not equal, and many populations “continue to shoulder a disproportionate burden of cancer,” the report says.

Mild, persistent inflammation in tissue is considered one of the biological hallmarks of the aging process in humans—and at the same time is a risk factor for diseases such as Alzheimer’s or cancer. Prof. Francesco Neri and Dr. Mahdi Rasa of the Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) in Jena have succeeded for the first time in describing at the molecular level the regulatory network that drives the general, multiple-organ inflammatory response. Moreover, they were able to show that dietary restriction can influence this regulatory circuit, thereby inhibiting inflammation.

Inflammation is an immune response of the body that is, in itself, useful: our immune system uses it to fight pathogens or to remove damaged cells from tissue. Once the immune cells have done their work, the inflammation subsides: the infection is over, the wound is healed. Unlike such acute inflammations, age-related chronic inflammation is not local. The innate immune system ramps up its activity overall, resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation. This aging-related inflammation is also known as inflammaging.

Summary: In mice genetically more susceptible to PTSD following a stressful event, researchers found an increased expression of cortisol receptors on neurons in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus. Those increased receptors enabled an elevated expression of the HCN1 protein and TRIP8b, reducing neural excitability.

Source: medical college of georgia at augusta university.

Social avoidance is a common symptom of PTSD, and scientists working to better understand why have laboratory evidence that while stress hormone levels consistently increase in the immediate aftermath of a traumatic event, there can be polar opposite consequences in parts of the brain down the line.

Earlier this summer, Forrest Smith got some promising news. The Denver-based petroleum engineer, who works for the National Park Service, had read reports on a new diabetes medication called tirzepatide. Clinical trials had confirmed a potent side effect: Tirzepatide users could shed up to 20 percent of their body weight. Smith told me he spent his childhood cast as “the fat kid in school,” and his adulthood locked in a cycle of losing pounds and regaining them. Though he is not diabetic, he was aware that some doctors were prescribing the drug for weight loss and, feeling like he had nothing to lose, sought one out for treatment. He took his first weekly injection in July, and says it was like “a switch was flipped overnight.” Food cravings disappeared. When watching skinny friends eat, he used to wonder, “How do you not eat that entire plate of cookies in front of you?” That all changed. “One cookie? Totally doable.”

He now weighs 236 pounds, 24 pounds down from when he began the medication. Smith’s spouse and parents were so impressed with his progress that they decided to seek out tirzepatide, too. His young children have noticed that running around their garden now tires them out before their father. Since his first shot, Smith has been reaching deeper into his closet for clothes that will fit. “Hopefully,” he said, “I don’t find parachute pants—I don’t have to go that far back.”

Tirzepatide (marketed by Eli Lilly and Company as Mounjaro) first became available to the public in May of 2022, when it was approved by the FDA as a diabetes treatment. And while FDA approval for using the drug specifically for weight loss appears imminent, doctors have the authority to deviate from FDA mandates when prescribing drugs, and some have been writing scripts to treat obesity at their own discretion. “I’ve been very excited about these medicines,” said Dr. Melanie Jay, director of NYU Langone’s Comprehensive Program on Obesity. “[Obesity] has always been something that’s under-treated.” It might be the trickle that precedes a torrent—tirzepatide is just one in a class of new extremely effective weight loss drugs that threaten to upend the way we think about and treat obesity.

The technique had largely been limited to editing patients’ cells in the lab. New research shows promise for treating diseases more directly.

Chromosome-level engineering is a completely different beast: it’s like rearranging multiple paragraphs or shifting complete sections of an article and simultaneously hoping the changes add capabilities that can be passed onto the next generation.

Reprogramming life isn’t easy. Xiao Zhu’s DNA makeup is built from genetic letters already optimized by eons of evolutionary pressure. It’s no surprise that tinkering with an established genomic book often results in life that’s not viable. So far, only yeast have survived the rejiggering of their chromosomes.

The new study, published in Science, made the technology possible for mice. The team artificially fused together chunks from mice chromosomes. One fused pair made from chromosomes four and five was able to support embryos that developed into healthy—if somewhat strangely behaved—mice. Remarkably, even with this tectonic shift to their normal genetics, the mice could reproduce and pass on their engineered genetic quirks to a second generation of offspring.