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To support the data generated in Il11ra1-deleted mice on a mixed C57BL6/129 genetic background³⁰ and to more deeply dissect age-related effects, we studied young (3-month-old) and aged (2-year-old) female mice with deletion of Il11 (Il11^−/−) on a C57BL6/J background³¹.

Immunoblots confirmed IL-11 up-regulation across tissues in old age in this additional strain (Fig. 1m). Old female Il11^−/− mice had lower body weights and fat mass and preserved lean mass (Fig. 2a–c). The frailty score¹⁵ of old female Il11^−/− mice was lower than that of old wild-type mice and their body temperatures were mildly increased (Fig. 2d and Extended Data Fig. 5a). Lower frailty scores were largely driven by improvements in tremor, loss of fur colour, gait disorders and vestibular disturbance (Supplementary Table 1). Muscle strength was higher in both young and old Il11^−/− mice (a phenomenon that was observed for some other phenotypes) compared with age-matched controls (Fig. 2e and Extended Data Fig. 5b).

Chronic inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin can cause glucose intolerance owing to indirect inhibition of mTORC2³⁵. It was therefore important to more fully assess the effects of IL-11 inhibition on liver function, metabolism and glucose utilization in old mice. As wild-type mice aged, there were increases in serum AST, ALT, cholesterol and triglycerides, which were collectively mitigated in old Il11^−/− mice (Fig. 2f and Extended Data Fig. 5c, d). Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) profiles of old Il11^−/− mice were similar to those of young wild-type mice, whereas GTTs and ITTs of old wild-type mice showed impairment (Fig. 2g and Extended Data Fig. 5e, f). Indexed skeletal muscle mass was greater in both young and old Il11^−/− mice compared with the equivalent wild-type mice (Extended Data Fig. 5g).

On their own, addition and multiplication are simple operations. But the relationship between them is a complicated mystery that mathematicians are still working to understand.

A new proof about prime numbers illuminates the subtle relationship between addition and multiplication — and raises hopes for progress on the famous abc conjecture.

Engineers, physicists, computer scientists and more are needed for the second quantum revolution.

The hybrid camera system eliminates blind spots and significantly reduces delays in obstacle detection.

Combining event cameras with artificial intelligence, researchers have developed a system that detects obstacles 100 times faster.

Bryan Johnson, a millionaire tech entrepreneur dedicated to reversing ageing, recently took to social media to boast about his “super clean plasma.” In a detailed post on X, he shared that a lab technician couldn’t bring himself to dispose of the plasma after a total plasma exchange (TPE) procedure.

Johnson claims to have reduced his epigenetic age through his comprehensive regimen called Project Blueprint. He follows a strict diet and exercise routine, spends over $2 million annually on a team of doctors and medical equipment, and undergoes both experimental and conventional treatments-including the recent TPE procedure.

TPE, a procedure often used in regenerative medicine and anti-ageing treatments, involves replacing a patient’s plasma with donor plasma or a substitute fluid. In Johnson’s case, his plasma was replaced with albumin.

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Micelles are spherical molecular structures usually formed by amphiphilic molecules with block structure, which contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. The hydrophobic tails of these molecules cluster together to form a core, while the hydrophilic heads face outward, creating a protective shell. This structure allows micelles to encapsulate hydrophobic substances within their core and disperse them in a water-based environment.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has long been a cornerstone of modern medicine, providing highly detailed images of internal organs and tissues. MRI machines, those large, tube-shaped magnets commonly found in hospitals, use powerful magnets to map the densities of water and fat molecules within the body.