Simulations show that knot-like magnetic structures called hopfions can be pulled apart—a capability that could be harnessed for spintronic memory devices.
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New genome editing method could swap entire genes and correct 1000 mutations at once
New technology enables the insertion of a large segment of DNA into a genome, potentially expanding gene therapy treatment from cancellation of disease-causing mutations to replacement of an entire gene, scientists say.
Reporting in Nature, the researchers describe building upon a technique called prime editing by inserting DNA that attaches to the genome through a series of overlapping flaps. This method, which they call a prime assembly approach, avoids a bottleneck in the gene therapy field—a double-strand break to the donor DNA that can cause toxicity and kill cells.
“Using this method, we are doing genome assembly rather than making a small edit in a gene,” said Bin Liu, a co-lead author of the study and assistant professor of biological chemistry and pharmacology at The Ohio State University College of Medicine. “If we think of the genome as a book, we can remove one paragraph and replace it with a new one—or even rewrite a chapter.”
A flower-like pattern exposes chiral superconductivity’s long-sought fingerprint
With a carefully designed experiment and a handful of tin atoms, University of Tennessee, Knoxville’s physicists have found a long-sought form of superconductivity, taking one more step toward creating custom quantum materials.
Scientists have known about superconductivity for more than a century. At low temperatures, resistance in certain materials vanishes and they carry electrical current without losing any energy. Superconductors are part of particle accelerators and magnetic resonance imaging machines. While they need extremely cool environments to work, the mechanism that drives them is quite well understood: electrons, which normally repel each other, form pairs and carry the current.
Tokamak regime sustains stable fusion plasma for one minute while easing heat loads
For the first time, a research team has demonstrated, in a metal-wall environment, a plasma regime that simultaneously achieves partial divertor detachment, an edge-localized-mode (ELM)-free high-confinement mode (H-mode), and high pedestal performance. This integrated regime was sustained on a minute scale and the work is published in Physical Review Letters.
The team was led by Professor Xu Guosheng from the Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Controllable nuclear fusion requires managing extreme heat loads on divertor plates while maintaining plasma stability. While impurity gases can reduce divertor heat through detachment, excessive cooling can damage the plasma edge, and H-mode plasmas are prone to sudden, damaging ELMs. Achieving a steady-state regime that addresses both challenges has been a major international goal.
Western music is getting simpler and more repetitive by the day and data prove it
Ever had that moment when a song comes on and it feels strangely familiar, like it reminds you of another song that came out just a few months ago? If you feel this phenomenon has become more frequent, then you are not imagining it. Science agrees with you. A recent study found that Western music is not only starting to sound more alike but is also becoming less structurally complex than in the past.
The team of researchers from Italy examined more than 20,000 pieces of music, tracing patterns from 17th-century classical compositions through 20th-century jazz and into modern genres all the way up to 2021.
Pieces that were written 400 years ago, particularly in the Classical genre, exhibit higher weighted efficiency. In other words, the music is not built around the same few patterns repeated again and again. Instead, it explores a wider range of note combinations, which makes it feel more varied, less predictable, and richer in structure.
A new era for ultrafast photonics: 2D mercury-acetylide frameworks for near-infrared nonlinear optics
In the increasingly digital world, the demand for faster, more efficient and miniaturized optical devices is ever-growing. From high-speed internet and secure quantum communications to advanced medical imaging and precision manufacturing, the backbone of these technologies is light, specifically how we can control and manipulate it at the nanoscale.
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as a game-changer in this arena, offering unique properties that can be harnessed for ultrafast photonics and nonlinear optical applications.
However, the search for materials that combine stability, tunability and high performance in the near-infrared (NIR) region, a crucial window for telecommunications and sensing, remains a significant challenge.
Levitated nano-ferromagnet confirms a 160-year-old physical prediction
Ferromagnets, such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, are materials with a strong, spontaneous, and permanent magnetic field. Over 150 years ago, the physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell speculated that under specific conditions, non-spinning ferromagnets or electromagnets would behave as gyroscopes, objects that maintain their orientation, typically due to the angular momentum arising from spinning.
Maxwell hypothesized that this unique gyroscopic behavior would arise from the relationship between a ferromagnet’s magnetism and its angular momentum within a specific set-up. While numerous studies tested this prediction, so far it had never been proven experimentally.
Researchers at the Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology IFN-CNR and the Bruno Kessler Foundation recently observed the effect predicted by Maxwell in a non-spinning and levitated ferromagnetic sphere. Their observations, presented in a paper published in Physical Review Letters, could open new exciting possibilities for the development of quantum technologies and for the collection of highly precise measurements.
Tiny flexible lasers enable force sensing inside living cells
Researchers have developed tiny flexible lasers that can be used to measure forces inside living cells. The new lasers could help illuminate various biological processes, including those involved in early development and tumor progression.
“Biological forces inside and between cells play an important role in many diseases,” said research team leader Marcel Schubert from the University of Cologne. “For example, when cancer cells invade tissue, they have to squeeze through the other cells. Our tiny lasers make it possible to measure forces on the scale of individual cells, which has previously been very difficult to accomplish.”
In the journal Optical Materials Express, the researchers describe their new spherical whispering gallery mode microbead lasers, which measure just 20 microns, about the width of a human hair. Whispering gallery mode lasers trap light in circular paths—in this case, inside a tiny elastomer bead doped with fluorescent dye—where the light circulates and amplifies until it emits coherent laser light.
Spintronics at BESSY II: Real-time analysis of magnetic bilayer systems
Spintronic devices enable data processing with significantly lower energy consumption. They are based on the interaction between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic layers. Now, a team from Freie Universität Berlin, HZB and Uppsala University has succeeded in tracking—separately for each layer—how the magnetic order changes after a short laser pulse has excited the system. The researchers were also able to identify the main cause of the loss of antiferromagnetic order in the oxide layer: The excitation is transported from the hot electrons in the ferromagnetic metal to the spins in the antiferromagnet. The findings are published in the journal Physical Review Letters.
While conventional microelectronics involves the movement of electric charges, spintronics is based on electron spins. Manipulating spins requires less energy than transporting charged particles. Consequently, spintronic components offer the potential for significant energy savings and high processing speeds.
However, future applications will require clock speeds in the terahertz range, which are not yet achievable today. The clock speeds of current spin-based applications are up to a hundred times lower. In order to advance spintronics, a large team at the Transregio Collaborative Research Center CRC/TRR 227 is investigating spin dynamics in solids at atomic resolution and on ultrafast timescales.
Microscopic sensors uncover how liquids turn glassy without structural change
A scientific discovery by researchers at Tel Aviv University’s School of Chemistry offers a new perspective on a long-standing scientific mystery: how does a flowing liquid suddenly become a rigid, almost frozen material, without changing its structure? This phenomenon, known as the “glass transition,” has puzzled physicists for over a hundred years. The study proposes a new experimental approach to observing this elusive process—by tracking the motion of tiny particles that serve as microscopic “sensors” within the material.
The study was conducted by Prof. Haim Diamant and Prof. Yael Roichman of the School of Chemistry at Tel Aviv University, together with the research group of Prof. Stefan Egelhaaf at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf. The findings were published in the journal Nature Physics.