Lifeboat Foundation: Safeguarding Humanity
Toggle light / dark theme

Blog

Category: space – Page 10

Meteorite dust holds records of magnetism that may have helped form the sun

4.6 billion years ago, the solar system was little more than a giant ball of gas and dust. Over the next few million years, this “solar nebula” underwent a huge transformation, flattening into a disk of matter that then condensed to form the central sun and orbiting planets.

Scientists have assumed that the early solar system was shaped mainly through gravity. But a new study finds that magnetism also likely played a role.

MIT scientists have discovered records of ancient magnetism in the oldest samples of meteorites known today. The team analyzed microscopic grains embedded in a meteorite that was discovered in Antarctica in 2008. These grains, called calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions, or CAIs, originally formed during the solar system’s first 200,000 years, making the samples the oldest known solar system material.

A single neutrino caught beneath the Antarctic ice sent astronomers searching across 11 billion lightyears them to a young galaxy nicknamed the Shadow Blaster, its light bent and magnified by another galaxy standing between it and Earth

750-TeV IceCube alert led astronomers to a rare, lensed dusty starburst at redshift 2.988. The galaxy is the best candidate in the field, not a confirmed neutrino source.

The asteroid that may be three worlds

What shape is an asteroid? For (44) Nysa, the honest answer until now has been that nobody knew. It is one of the brightest and largest E-type asteroids in the main belt, a class with a surface rich in enstatite, and its oddness has made it a favorite target for well over a hundred years. Successive observations hinted that it was elongated, perhaps even two lumps stuck together, but the picture stayed frustratingly blurred.

An international team led by Kate Minker at Lowell Observatory has now brought two of the world’s heaviest instruments to bear on it: SHARK-VIS on the Large Binocular Telescope in Arizona, and SPHERE/ZIMPOL on the Very Large Telescope in Chile. With adaptive optics correcting for the churn of our atmosphere and purpose-built processing to sharpen what came back, they have produced the finest images of Nysa ever obtained. Minker describes them as close to spacecraft-quality, achieved without ever leaving the ground.

What those images show is two prominent valleys wrapping around the asteroid’s circumference. The team read them as necks, the pinched joints where separate bodies have come to rest against one another: Three lobes, gently welded into one.

Melting diamond could unlock triple fusion gain and the secrets of ice giant planets

Diamond is more than a dazzling gem—the extremely hard form of carbon makes up the pellet that encases fuel for inertial confinement fusion, and scientists believe it rains down deep inside ice giant planets like Neptune and Uranus. In both cases, the material experiences enormous pressures. Until now, experiments and simulations have disagreed about how it actually behaves under those conditions.

In a new study, published in Nature Physics, researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) document how diamond melts under pressures three times greater than conditions at Earth’s core.

“We were able to take tiny diamond samples and shock-compress them to temperatures hotter than the surface of the sun and to pressures higher than the centers of Neptune and Uranus—and still measure atomic structure, temperature, density and optical reflectivity,” said author and LLNL scientist Marius Millot.

“I Jumped From My Chair” — Astronomers Discover a Hidden Star Orbiting Betelgeuse

Direct imaging has revealed strong evidence that Betelgeuse is orbited by a companion two to three times as massive as the Sun.

For generations, Betelgeuse has appeared to the naked eye as a single reddish point in the constellation Orion. Now astronomers have obtained their strongest evidence yet that the famous star has company.

Using the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope (ESO’s VLT), a team led by French astronomer Miguel Montargès captured the clearest image so far of what is likely Betelgeuse B, a star orbiting the red supergiant. “This is the conclusion of a century-long quest,” says Montargès.

Scientists Turn an Overlooked Chip Layer Into a Powerful New Light Source

A layer once dismissed as mere support has transformed a tiny photonic chip into a powerful generator of new light frequencies.

A laser usually produces one narrow color of light. A device small enough to sit on a fingertip can turn that single input into hundreds of precisely spaced frequencies, creating a tool for measuring time, identifying chemicals, transmitting data, and studying distant objects in space.

Researchers have now expanded what such photonic chips can do by making two of their materials work together. Instead of treating the outer layer as simple packaging, the team used it to generate additional light frequencies that the chip’s main material could not efficiently produce on its own.

Astronomers pin down the origins of a planetary odd couple

In a study appearing today in Astrophysical Journal Letters, the scientists report on new measurements of the mini-Neptune’s atmosphere, made using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). It is the first time astronomers have measured the composition of a mini-Neptune that resides inside the orbit of a hot Jupiter.

Their measurements reveal that the smaller planet has a “heavy” atmosphere that is rich with water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and hints of methane. Such a heavy atmosphere would not have been acquired by the planet if it had formed in its current location, very close to its star.

Instead, the scientists say their findings point to an alternate origin story: Both the mini-Neptune and the hot Jupiter may have formed much farther away, in the colder region of the protoplanetary disk. There, the planets could slowly build up atmospheres of ice and other volatiles. Over time, the planets were likely drawn in toward the star in a gradual process that kept them close, with their atmospheres intact.

/* */