This tiny invention mimics how our brain sees and remembers—redefining what smart machines can do.
Category: neuroscience – Page 49
Abstract: For several years, researchers have known that hyperactivity of a subset of neurons located in the hypothalamus, called AgRP neurons, is common in mice with diabetes
“These neurons are playing an outsized role in hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes,” said UW Medicine endocrinologist Dr. Michael Schwartz, corresponding author of the paper.
To determine if these neurons contribute to elevated blood sugar in diabetic mice, researchers employed a widely used viral genetics approach to make AgRP neurons express tetanus toxin, which prevents the neurons from communicating with other neurons.
Unexpectedly, this intervention normalized high blood sugar for months, despite having no effect on body weight or food consumption.
Conventional wisdom is that diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, stems from a combination of genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors, including obesity, lack of physical activity and poor diet. This mix of factors leads to insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production.
Until now, scientists have traditionally thought the brain doesn’t play a role in type 2 diabetes, according to Schwartz.
The paper challenges this and is a “departure from the conventional wisdom of what causes diabetes,” he said.
The new findings align with studies published by the same scientists showing that injection of a peptide called FGF1 directly into the brain also causes diabetes remission in mice. This effect was subsequently shown to involve sustained inhibition of AgRP neurons.
Mindfulness course found to be effective in people with difficult-to-treat depression
Mindfulness-based therapy can offer significant relief for individuals who are still depressed after receiving treatment, according to a new clinical trial.
Researchers hope their findings, published in Lancet Psychiatry, could provide a new treatment pathway for people with depression who have not benefited from previous treatment.
The study, titled “Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus treatment as usual after non-remission with NHS Talking Therapies high-intensity psychological therapy for depression: a UK-based clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness randomised, controlled, superiority trial,” was led by a researcher from the University of Surrey.
Brain scans reveal what happens in the mind when insight strikes
Have you ever been stuck on a problem, puzzling over something for what felt like ages without getting anywhere, but then suddenly the answer came to you like a bolt from the blue?
We’ve all experienced that “aha! moment,” that sudden clarity or magical epiphany you feel when a new idea or perspective pops into your head as if out of nowhere.
Now, new evidence from brain imaging research shows that these flashes of insight aren’t just satisfying—they actually reshape how your brain represents information, and help sear it into memory.
Music Does Something Amazing to Your Brain’s Own Natural Rhythms
Ever felt like a song really resonates with you? That may be more true than you think.
A new theory suggests that we don’t just listen to it; our bodies physically resonate with music, as our brains’ natural oscillations synchronize with structures like rhythm and pitch.
Music is often thought of as a ‘universal language’ – people across cultures will bust out similar moves, and young kids will instinctively bop to a beat.
Neuroscientists reveal insights into how the brain forms habits and why they are so hard to break
Neuroscientists at the Sainsbury Wellcome Center (SWC) at UCL have discovered that the brain uses a dual system for learning through trial and error. This is the first time a second learning system has been identified, which could help explain how habits are formed and provide a scientific basis for new strategies to address conditions related to habitual learning, such as addictions and compulsions.
Published in Nature, the study in mice could also have implications for developing therapeutics for Parkinson’s. The study is titled “Dopaminergic action prediction errors serve as a value-free teaching signal.”
“Essentially, we have found a mechanism that we think is responsible for habits. Once you have developed a preference for a certain action, then you can bypass your value-based system and just rely on your default policy of what you’ve done in the past. This might then allow you to free up cognitive resources to make value-based decisions about something else,” explained Dr. Marcus Stephenson-Jones, Group Leader at SWC and lead author of the study.