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Category: genetics – Page 202

Greener neighborhoods stop us from aging on a genetic level

A new study is finding that greener neighborhoods protect telomeres which prevent aging on a genetic level.

The role of telomeres in aging

Telomeres are repetitive sequences of DNA found at the ends of chromosomes that play a crucial role in preserving the integrity and stability of the genetic material within a cell.

As cells divide and their telomeres become progressively shorter, they eventually reach a critical point where they can no longer divide. This state is known as cellular senescence, and it is associated with aging and age-related diseases.

Gene Transfer Leads to Longer Life and Healthspan

The naked mole rat won’t win any beauty contests, but it could possibly win in the talent category. Its superpower: fighting the aging process to live several times longer than other animals its size, in a state of youthful vigor.

It’s believed that naked mole rats experience all the normal processes of wear and tear over their lifespan, but that they’re exceptionally good at repairing the damage from oxygen free radicals and the DNA errors that accumulate over time. Even though they possess genes that make them vulnerable to cancer, they rarely develop the disease, or any other age-related disease, for that matter. Naked mole rats are known to live for over 40 years without any signs of aging, whereas mice live on average about two years and are highly prone to cancer.

Now, these remarkable animals may be able to share their superpower with other species. In August, a study provided what may be the first proof-of-principle that genetic material transferred from one species can increase both longevity and healthspan in a recipient animal.

Telomere Length Test #5 in 2023: Which Dietary Factors Are Significantly Correlated?

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Engineering CRISPR Cures: An Interview with Fyodor Urnov

Fyodor Urnov, PhD, is a pioneer in the field of genome editing and one of the scientists most invested in expanding the availability and utility of CRISPR-based therapies to the broadest possible population. He envisions a world in which genome editing can treat the nearly 400 million people who are suffering from one of the 7,000 diseases brought on by gene mutations.

Unexpected ‘Fish’ Cell Found in Human Lungs Could Be Key to Cystic Fibrosis

A type of cell once only thought to exist in the gills of freshwater fish and the skin of frogs, but recently found in humans lungs, has given scientists new insight into the underlying cause of cystic fibrosis (CF).

CF is a progressive, genetic disease that impacts the lungs and other organs, sometimes causing severe symptoms that can be life-threatening.

The disease is marked by the absence or mutation of a protein in the lungs called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).

A new cure for sickle cell disease may be coming. FDA advisers will review it next week

The only cure for painful sickle cell disease today is a bone marrow transplant. But soon there may be a new cure that attacks the disorder at its genetic source.

On Tuesday, advisers to the Food and Drug Administration will review a gene therapy for the inherited blood disorder, which in the U.S. mostly affects Black people. Issues they will consider include whether more research is needed into possible unintended consequences of the treatment.

If approved by the FDA, it would be the first gene therapy on the U.S. market based on CRISPR, the gene editing tool that won its inventors the Nobel Prize in 2020.

New software tool provides a way for safer design of genome editing

A team of researchers has developed a software tool called DANGER (Deleterious and ANticipatable Guides Evaluated by RNA-sequencing) analysis that provides a way for the safer design of genome editing in all organisms with a transcriptome. For about a decade, researchers have used the CRISPR technology for genome editing. However, there are some challenges in the use of CRISPR. The DANGER analysis overcomes these challenges and allows researchers to perform safer on-and off-target assessments without a reference genome. It holds the potential for applications in medicine, agriculture, and biological research.

Their work is published in the journal Bioinformatics Advances on August 23, 2023.

Genome editing, or gene editing, refers to technologies that allow researchers to change the genomic DNA of an organism. With these technologies, researchers can add, remove or alter genetic material in the genome.

Groundbreaking Discoveries About Human Brain and Neuronal Complexity

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Hello and welcome! My name is Anton and in this video, we will talk about recent discoveries about human brain and various types of neuronal cells.
Links:
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03192-2
https://nemoarchive.org/
https://www.science.org/collections/brain-cell-census.
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adc8810
https://news.rub.de/english/press-releases/2022-06-0…ir-neurons.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01933-6
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06502-w.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-023-01284-w.
https://elifesciences.org/articles/76143
Previous video on major discoveries: https://youtu.be/iGdFh3ENjzc.
More about Neanderthals: https://youtu.be/BvrBl9-TbBs.
#brain #neuron #neuroscience.

0:00 Recent papers on the human brain.
1:00 Human brain atlas and 3,000 new types of cells.
2:00 What was this collaboration for?
2:40 Unexpected complexity of cells in certain brain parts.
4:00 Are there a lot of individual differences? Yes!
4:40 Physical structure appears same across species.
5:10 Genetic activity is very different though.
5:35 Human disorders are unique to humans.
6:30 Unusual layers protecting the brain — SLYM
7:38 Axons turned out to be more unusual, especially in other species.
9:35 Shape of the brain suggests apes and humans are similar only until adolescence.
12:15 Hippocampus in humans is unique focusing on vision…explaining art?
13:48 New memory cell discovered.
15:45 Limitations.

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Study: Novel small molecule 5D4 disrupts several molecular pathways that lead to cancer growth

Researchers at Baylor College of Medicine have identified a small molecule named 5D4 that can suppress the growth of breast and ovarian cancers in animal models. 5D4 works by binding to TopBP1 protein in cancer cells, disrupting its interactions with several pathways that promote cancer growth. Combining 5D4 with another cancer inhibitor, talazoparib, enhances the effectiveness of the anti-cancer activity.

The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, strongly supports continuing the investigation toward further developing this strategy for clinical use.

“Cancer development involves many steps of genetic alterations and signaling pathway deregulation. About 10 years ago, our team discovered that protein TopBP1 is at a convergent point of multiple cellular pathways involved in cancer growth and progression, making it a potential candidate for targeted cancer therapy,” said corresponding author Dr. Weei-Chin Lin, professor of medicine-hematology and oncology and of molecular and cellular biology at Baylor. He also is a member of Baylor’s Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center. “Our idea was to identify molecules that would bind to TopBP1 and interfere with its interactions with molecular pathways that promote cancer growth.”

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