<p>Japan’s Mobile Software Competition Act (MSCA) has come into force, setting new ground rules across the entire mobile ecosystem in the country. Here’s what you should know.</p>.
Category: futurism – Page 7
Neocortical Chandelier Cells Developmentally Shape Axonal Arbors through Reorganization but Establish Subcellular Synapse Specificity without Refinement
Cortical chandelier cells (ChCs) are one of the most distinct and uniform IN subtypes (Howard et al., 2005; Woodruff et al., 2010). ChC axons exhibit a characteristic geometry with many prominent vertical branches, whose terminals are specialized into strings of synaptic varicosities (cartridges) directly apposed to AISs of PNs (Jones, 1975; Szentagothai, 1975; Somogyi, 1977). Because the AIS is the site of action potential initiation, ChCs can have decisive control over spike generation in a PN ensemble, thereby regulating synchrony and oscillation of network activity (Klausberger et al., 2003; Szabadics et al., 2006; Glickfeld et al., 2009). The striking stereotypy and specificity of this axonal and synaptic organization make ChCs an ideal system to study basic cellular events of IN wiring, such as axonal branching and subcellular synapse targeting. Another advantage is that individual AISs, which can be labeled with AIS-specific markers such as anti-AnkyrinG (AnkG) antibodies, can be unambiguously identified because they are spatially separable from neighboring AISs (Jenkins and Bennett, 2001; Taniguchi et al., 2013).
Study:
Basically, the study is carried out carefully and provides novel insights in the development of neocortical chandelier cells. While the manuscript is well written; both reviewers suggest that authors get help with linguistic editing.
The reviewers also agree that the interpretation that the non-synaptic varicosities may represent early stage branch points is somewhat surprising, considering their abundance at an age at which very little branching occurs. The reviewers ask the authors to expand their discussion considering the following arguments/ideas.
In Fig. 3E, it is shown that on P 28, i.e. close to adulthood and after pruning and remodeling, there are still around 40% off-target varicosities, which, if the single example in Fig. 5B is true and representative, would mean that 40% of all varicosities are non-functional! While it is possible that such varicosities could be the origins of branch points to remodel the axon, it is hard to imagine that ChC remodel 40% of their axon at any given time in adulthood. Please illustrate in a revised manuscript better resolved and uncolored original EM data to really show that these large varicosities do not form any synapses. Furthermore, it would be somewhat surprising that their numbers do not decrease after p21 when most axonal growth is expected to end. What about the possibility that these varicosities are in fact very early stage synaptic boutons that fail to mature/stabilize because the appropriate postsynaptic target is missing? Considering that inhibitory boutons (formed by other interneuron subsets) continue to be formed and lost into adulthood seem to make this option also quite likely.
Google’s Personal Intelligence links Gmail, Photos and Search to Gemini
Google is rolling out ‘Personal Intelligence,’ a new Gemini feature that pulls your data from Gmail, Photos, Google Search, and other products.
There are a couple of use cases for Personal Intelligence. Instead of offering generic answers, Gemini can use details from places you already store them.
This makes the whole experience more ‘personal.’
The best hydrogen for heavy-duty transport is locally produced and green, say researchers
If trucks ran on hydrogen instead of fossil fuels, carbon dioxide emissions from heavy-duty road transport could be significantly reduced. At the same time, a new study from Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden shows that differences in how the gas is produced, distributed and used greatly affect its climate benefits.
Locally produced green hydrogen is the best option for the climate—with the additional benefit of enabling all countries to become self-sufficient in energy and fuel, even in times of crisis and war.
Heavy-duty road transport currently accounts for one fifth of global oil consumption and, in the EU, heavy-duty diesel trucks are the largest source of emissions of the transport-related greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. In the future, the need for road transport is expected to increase, and consequently also the sector’s demand for fossil fuels from oil.