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Category: biotech/medical – Page 80

Scientists have discovered two enormous structures deep within Earth’s mantle. Research from Utrecht University reveals these regions are hotter and older than the surrounding sunken tectonic plates—at least half a billion years old, possibly older.

This finding challenges the idea that Earth’s mantle is well-mixed and fast-flowing, suggesting less movement in the mantle than previously thought.

Large earthquakes make the Earth vibrate like a bell with different tones. Seismologists study these tones to understand Earth’s interior. If the tones are “out of tune” or quieter, it indicates anomalies, helping to create images of Earth’s interior, similar to X-rays for doctors.

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As you lay your head down to sleep tonight and dream all things weird and wonderful, scientists think your brain is going through a gentle rinse cycle, washing away a day’s worth of toxic by-products in preparation for a new day of thinking ahead.

But the mechanisms behind this neurological cleansing system have yet to be described in detail.

Now researchers from the University of Copenhagen have applied a suite of technologies to map the subtle rise and fall of neurotransmitters, blood volume, and spinal fluid in mice as they go about their day.

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Source: PNAS Nexus.

The microbial ecosystems within our mouths may affect our cognitive function as we age, according to a study. Interventions such as prebiotics, including dietary nitrate, have potential for delaying cognitive decline.

About 15% of older adults have mild cognitive impairment, which is the largest risk factor for the development of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. There is a known association between periodontitis—gum disease—and worsened cognitive function.

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A recent study has found that the overexpression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), which is a subunit of telomerase, an enzyme essential for telomere maintenance, leads to lifespan extension in mice without significant side effects [1].

Protecting DNA

Telomere shortening is a well-known hallmark of aging. Telomeres are protective DNA sequences at the ends of the chromosomes. In most human cells, they become shorter with each division.

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In Intel’s second “Behind this Door” video, take a sneak peek into fab D1X in Oregon to see what is likely the most complicated machine humans have built. An extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography system uses radically shorter wavelengths to project circuit patterns onto silicon wafers. The #EUV machine pushes Moore’s Law forward and #chip makers cannot produce leading-edge chips without it. (Credit: Intel Corporation)
#Intel #Manufacturing #Semiconductor.

▶ Learn more on Intel’s EUV: https://intel.ly/3AeAKwz.

Notice: This video contains footage provided by external vendors who have their own safety and health policies. Moreover, some footage was recorded prior to the COVID outbreak when no pandemic-related mask or social-distancing policies were needed or in place.

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A team of stem cell scientists have successfully used embryonic stem cell engineering to create a bi-paternal mouse—a mouse with two male parents—that lived until adulthood.

Their results, published on January 28, 2025, in Cell Stem Cell, describe how targeting a particular set of genes involved in reproduction allowed the researchers to overcome previously insurmountable challenges in unisexual reproduction in mammals.

Scientists have attempted to create bi-paternal mice before, but the embryos developed only to a certain point and then stopped growing. Here, the investigators, led by corresponding author Wei Li of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Beijing, focused on targeting imprinting genes, which regulate in a number of ways.

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Yale physicists have uncovered a sophisticated and previously unknown set of “modes” within the human ear, which impose crucial constraints on how the ear amplifies faint sounds, withstands loud noises, and distinguishes an astonishing range of sound frequencies.

By applying existing mathematical models to a generic mock-up of the cochlea—a spiral-shaped organ in the inner ear—the researchers revealed an additional layer of cochlear complexity. Their findings provide new insights into the remarkable capacity and precision of human hearing.

“We set out to understand how the ear can tune itself to detect faint sounds without becoming unstable and responding even in the absence of external sounds,” said Benjamin Machta, an assistant professor of physics in Yale’s Faculty of Arts and Science and co-senior author of a new study in the journal PRX Life. “But in getting to the bottom of this we stumbled onto a new set of low frequency mechanical modes that the cochlea likely supports.”

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Science and research continuously deliver groundbreaking discoveries, expanding the boundaries of what we know. Each year, the renowned journal Science highlights ten of these achievements in its list of top scientific breakthroughs. For 2024, the journal named the drug lenacapavir — hailed for its potential to reduce HIV/AIDS infections to zero — as the Breakthrough of the Year. In the realm of physics, another major milestone was recognized: the discovery of altermagnetism by researchers at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU).

“This is a truly unique tribute to our work, and we are proud and honored to receive this acknowledgment for our research,” said Professor Jairo Sinova of the JGU Institute of Physics. He and his team discovered and demonstrated the phenomenon of altermagnetism.

Until now, physics recognized only two types of magnetism: ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism. Ferromagnetism, known since ancient Greece, is the force that makes refrigerator magnets stick, where all magnetic moments align in the same direction. Antiferromagnetism, on the other hand, involves magnetic moments aligning in a regular pattern but pointing in opposite directions, canceling each other out externally.

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