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Category: biotech/medical – Page 181

Scientists have used a pair of lasers and a supersonic sheet of gas to accelerate electrons to high energies in less than a foot. The development marks a major step forward in laser-plasma acceleration, a promising method for making compact, high-energy particle accelerators that could have applications in particle physics, medicine, and materials science.

In a new study soon to be published in the journal Physical Review Letters, a team of researchers successfully accelerated high-quality beams of electrons to more than 10 billion electronvolts (10 gigaelectronvolts, or GeV) in 30 centimeters. The preprint can be found in the online repository arXiv.

The work was led by the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), with collaborators at the University of Maryland. The research took place at the Berkeley Lab Laser Accelerator Center (BELLA), which set a world record of 8-GeV electrons in 20 centimeters in 2019. The new experiment not only increases the , but also produces high-quality beam at this energy level for the first time, paving the way for future high-efficiency machines.

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Recent research from the S: CORT team has identified key biomarkers and treatment strategies that predict and enhance effectiveness of radiotherapy in rectal cancer treatment.

Patients with advanced rectal cancer often receive radiotherapy before surgery. However, despite this being standard practice, this treatment only results in complete disappearance (complete response) prior to surgery in 15% of patients.

Currently, there are no reliable biomarkers (a biological molecule found in blood, other , or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease) to predict which colorectal patients will benefit from radiotherapy, meaning that many patients are unnecessarily exposed to significant side effects.

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Researchers have discovered new connections between the gut and brain that hold promise for more targeted treatments for depression and anxiety, and could help prevent digestive issues in children by limiting the transmission of antidepressants during pregnancy.

The study, published in the journal Gastroenterology, shows that increasing serotonin in the gut epithelium—the thin layer of cells lining the small and large intestines—improves symptoms of anxiety and depression in animal studies. The researchers also found that, in humans, antidepressant use during increases the risk of babies developing constipation in the first year of life.

“Our findings suggest that there may be an advantage to targeting antidepressants selectively to the gut epithelium, as systemic treatment may not be necessary for eliciting the drugs’ benefits but may be contributing to digestive issues in children exposed during pregnancy,” said Kara Margolis, director of the NYU Pain Research Center and associate professor of molecular pathobiology at NYU College of Dentistry, who co-led the study with Mark Ansorge, associate professor of clinical neurobiology at Columbia University.

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HighlyCitedPapers.

📝 — Schulze, et al.

The present work reviews the strategies and technical approaches used to overcome the multilayered problems associated with large bone defect healing in long bones, with emphasis on research rooted in scaffold-guided tissue regeneration.

Full text is available 👇

Bone generally displays a high intrinsic capacity to regenerate. Nonetheless, large osseous defects sometimes fail to heal. The treatment of such large segmental defects still represents a considerable clinical challenge. The regeneration of large bone defects often proves difficult, since it relies on the formation of large amounts of bone within an environment impedimental to osteogenesis, characterized by soft tissue damage and hampered vascularization. Consequently, research efforts have concentrated on tissue engineering and regenerative medical strategies to resolve this multifaceted challenge. In this review, we summarize, critically evaluate, and discuss present approaches in light of their clinical relevance; we also present future advanced techniques for bone tissue engineering, outlining the steps to realize for their translation from bench to bedside.

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HighlyCitedPapers.

📝 The Many Faces of Immune Activation in HIV-1 Infection: A Multifactorial Interconnection — Mazzuti, et al.

Full text is available 👇

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies. Despite great advances in treatment strategies, therapeutic resistance and the gap between preclinical data and actual clinical efficacy justify the necessity of developing novel models for investigating OC. Organoids represent revolutionary three-dimensional cell culture models, deriving from stem cells and reflecting the primary tissue’s biology and pathology. The aim of the current review is to study the current status of mouse-and patient-derived organoids, as well as their potential to model carcinogenesis and perform drug screenings for OC.

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To predict your #longevity, you have two main options. You can rely on the routine tests and measurements your doctor likes to order for you, such as blood pressure, cholesterol levels, weight, and so on. Or you can go down a biohacking rabbit hole the way tech millionaire turned longevity guru Bryan Johnson did to live longer. Johnson’s obsessive self-measurement protocol involves tracking more than a hundred biomarkers, ranging from the telomere length in blood cells to the speed of his urine stream (which, at 25 milliliters per second, he reports, is in the 90th percentile of 40-year-olds).

Scientists crunched the numbers to come up with the single best predictor of how long you’ll live—and arrived at a surprisingly low-tech answer.

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One year of treatment with the targeted drug olaparib improves long-term survival in women with high-risk, early-stage breast cancer with mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, new results from a major clinical trial show.

Ten years since the first patient was recruited, new findings from the phase III OlympiA trial – presented at San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (SABCS) 2024 – show that adding olaparib to standard treatment cuts the risk of cancer coming back by 35 per cent, and the risk of women dying by 28 per cent.

After six years, 87.5 per cent of patients who were treated with the drug were still alive compared with 83.2 per cent of those who were given the placebo pills.

Professor Andrew Tutt at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, and King’s College London is the global lead investigator and Chair of the Steering Committee for the OlympiA study, and was also involved in early laboratory research on PARP inhibitors such as olaparib, and their subsequent clinical development. The Breast International Group (BIG) coordinated the international OlympiA study, involving 671 study locations, globally across multiple partners. BIG coordinated the trial’s UK sites through the ICR Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit (ICR-CTSU).

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Large-scale protein and gene profiling have massively expanded the landscape of cancer-associated proteins and gene mutations, but it has been difficult to discern whether they play an active role in the disease or are innocent bystanders.

In a study published in Nature Cancer, researchers at Baylor College of Medicine revealed a powerful and unbiased machine learning-based approach called FunMap for assessing the role of cancer-associated mutations and understudied proteins, with broad implications for advancing and informing therapeutic strategies.

“Gaining functional information on the genes and proteins associated with cancer is an important step toward better understanding the disease and identifying potential therapeutic targets,” said corresponding author Dr. Bing Zhang, professor of molecular and and part of the Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center at Baylor.

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