Could AI hold the key to answering questions that have stumped doctors and scientists for decades? A recent study at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) borrows concepts from machine learning to address an age-old riddle of immunology.
In the thymus, the immune system’s T cells are trained to avoid attacking healthy tissue through a process called negative selection. There, T cells are tested to determine whether they bind to fragments of the body’s own proteins, called self-peptides. Those that do are immediately deleted. However, each T cell encounters only a small fraction of the enormous number of self-peptides found throughout the body. So, how does the immune system learn to tolerate the rest?
“This has long been an open question in immunology,” explains CSHL Assistant Professor Hannah Meyer. “Negative selection is a crucial process, but if T cells had to test against every single one of the body’s peptides, it would take forever. So, how do they learn to avoid friendly fire? We think it’s through a process called generalization.”








