For the first time, an international team of physicists has successfully harnessed a rare orbital transition in atoms of ytterbium to create a new type of atomic clock that is both highly precise and extremely sensitive to fundamental physical effects. Publishing their results in Nature Photonics, the researchers, led by Taiki Ishiyama at Kyoto University, say their approach could pave the way for some of the most stringent tests yet of predictions made by the Standard Model.
To measure the passing of time, an atomic clock excites an electron in confined atoms to a higher energy level, then interrogates the transition frequency of the atoms. Because these oscillations display such little variation, atomic clocks are the most accurate timekeepers ever developed.
To date, the most precise devices involve atoms trapped in an optical lattice: a periodic array of light and darkness created by interfering laser beams. These clocks operate at optical frequencies with hundreds of trillions of oscillations per second—far surpassing the microwave frequencies used in previous atomic clock designs. Already, this extraordinary precision has enabled sensitive tests of fundamental physics, as described by the Standard Model.
