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Elongated skull from Italian cave reveals earliest European evidence of cranial modification

A University of Florence–led team reports early Eurasian evidence of artificial cranial modification (ACM) in a Late Upper Paleolithic individual from Arene Candide Cave, Italy. Shape analyses place the specimen within the ACM cluster and radiocarbon dates to 12,620–12,190 years ago.

Body culturalization runs deep in human history, from adornments to permanent modifications recorded in archaeological contexts. More than just stylistic choices, transformations in appearance impart cultural values and symbolic meanings through the physical body, serving as a living artifact of cultural practices and societal beliefs, perpetuating shared values and collective identity.

Searching for these cultural clues with archaeology can be tricky. Tattoos require rare forms of soft-tissue preservation (Ötzi the iceman, for example) and adornments like piercings fall away with deteriorating flesh, whereas skeletal markers such as intentional dental modification and cranial modifications offer more lasting evidence of practices that shaped identity over millennia.

Move over Mercury—Chiron is in retrograde: What even is Chiron?

You might have seen an interesting phrase popping up in your social media feeds lately: “Chiron is in retrograde.” If you’re anything like me, you’ve never heard of Chiron before—and I’m a professional astronomer.

So what is Chiron, and what does it mean to be in retrograde? The short answer is that Chiron is an asteroid-slash-comet orbiting somewhere past Jupiter and Saturn. And until January 2026, it’s going to look like it’s going backwards in the sky. If you can spot it.

But there’s a bit more to the story.

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