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Cellular reprogramming beyond pluripotency

Aging, once viewed as an irreversible process, is now considered a modifiable process. Recent advances in cellular reprogramming reveal that transient expression of reprogramming factors can reverse molecular hallmarks of aging while preserving somatic cell identity. This ‘partial reprogramming’ rejuvenates tissues, restores regenerative capacity, and, in some models, extends lifespan without the tumorigenic risks of full dedifferentiation. In this review, we summarize genetic and chemical strategies for partial reprogramming, discuss their tissue-specific effects in vivo, and evaluate their implications for tissue regeneration and age-related disease. We further examine key challenges for clinical translation, including safety, delivery strategies, and temporal control of reprogramming.

Interstitial Lung Disease as a Late Occurrence in Ocrelizumab-Treated Patients With Multiple Sclerosis

Among patients with multiple sclerosis treated long-term with ocrelizumab, interstitial lung disease developed after a mean of 10.5 years, mainly as organizing pneumonia with variable outcomes.

This case series describes 6 cases of interstitial lung disease among patients with multiple sclerosis receiving long-term treatment with ocrelizumab.

‘Oldest octopus’ fossil is no octopus at all, scans reveal

A famous 300-million-year-old fossil that was thought to be the world’s oldest octopus—even featuring in the Guinness Book of Records—has turned out to be something else altogether. In what amounts to a case of mistaken identity, the fossil hid its true nature through decay 300 million years ago, before being fossilized.

Using the latest synchrotron imaging to search inside the fossil rock, researchers discovered tiny teeth preserved inside the rock that prove that Pohlsepia mazonensis is not an octopus at all, but an animal related to a modern Nautilus—a multi-tentacled animal with an external shell.

This revelation, revealed in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, solves a long-running puzzle in the understanding of octopus evolution that has confused scientists for decades. It also provides evidence of the oldest nautiloid soft tissue preservation known in the fossil record and means that the record-holding “oldest octopus” should be quietly written out of the Guinness Book of Records.

First close pair of supermassive black holes detected

Supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies are one of the most active fields of research in astronomy. In order to accumulate their enormous masses, they must merge with each other. A research team led by Silke Britzen from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR) in Bonn has found direct evidence of two supermassive black holes in the galaxy Markarian 501, which orbit each other very closely. This could be the first time that a pair has been detected that is about to merge. This provides a unique opportunity to better understand a central process in galaxy evolution.

The findings suggest that there is a supermassive black hole at the center of almost every large galaxy, with a mass millions or even billions of times greater than that of our sun. It is still unclear exactly how they can reach such enormous masses. Collecting (accreting) gas from the surrounding area alone would take too long, so it is likely that they have to merge with other massive black holes. Galaxy collisions have been observed throughout our universe. It is thus very likely that the supermassive black holes at the centers of these colliding galaxies also merge, first orbiting each other ever closer and ultimately coalescing into one.

‘Voorhees law’ explains why the slower car often catches up

Many drivers will know the feeling: you pull ahead of the slower car you’ve been stuck behind and cruise the open road ahead at your own, faster speed. By the time you reach the next stop light, you’re sure that you’ve left the slower car far behind you—but to your surprise, you see that same car cruise up right behind you in the mirror. Horror buffs might even recall scenes from “Friday the 13th,” where masked villain Jason Voorhees always catches up to his sprinting victims—despite himself walking at a leisurely pace.

In a new study published in Royal Society Open Science, Conor Boland at Dublin City University shows that this unsettlingly common phenomenon can be explained with simple mathematics. His model reveals precisely when and why a slower vehicle catches up after being overtaken, offering fresh insights into how individual vehicles interact with traffic signals.

Turmeric and ginger extract may boost implant bonding and kill 92% bacteria

An extract of turmeric and ginger helps bone implants bond strongly while killing bacteria and cancer cells, according to new research from Washington State University with implications for millions of patients with joint replacements and bone cancer. In early tests, the extract roughly doubled bone bonding within six weeks around the implant site, killed more than 90% of bacteria on implant surfaces, and sharply reduced cancer-causing cells. The findings marry elements of a naturopathic approach drawing on traditional medicine with current medical technologies. Turmeric, a golden-orange spice, and ginger root have been used for food and medicinal purposes in China and India for thousands of years.

“Basically, I say it’s combining the best with the latest,” said Susmita Bose, the Westinghouse Distinguished Chair Professor in WSU’s School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and corresponding author of the paper. “The best part is from the food, and the latest aspect comes from the biomedical device.”

The new study, published in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, is the most recent work from Bose and Amit Bandyopadhyay, Boeing Distinguished Professor in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, demonstrating that compounds from turmeric and ginger can be effective supplements to cutting-edge medical treatment. That work builds upon their earlier research into the use of 3D printing to produce bone implants, an idea once considered far-fetched that is now a common way to manufacture implants.

Astronomers discover Andromeda XXXVI, an ultra-faint dwarf satellite galaxy

By analyzing the data from the Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey (PandAS), European astronomers have discovered a new satellite of the Andromeda galaxy. The newfound object, which received the designation Andromeda XXXVI, appears to be an ultra-faint dwarf galaxy. The finding is reported in a paper published March 30 on the arXiv preprint server.

The so-called ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (UFDs) are the least luminous, most dark matter-dominated, and least chemically evolved galaxies known. Therefore, they are perceived by astronomers as the best candidate fossils from the universe at its early stages.

Now, a team of astronomers, led by Joanna D. Sakowska of the Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia in Spain, reports the finding of a new UFD. Andromeda XXXVI was first spotted and classified as a candidate UFD by amateur astronomer Giuseppe Donatiello during a systematic, visual inspection search of public images from the full PAndAS footprint. Sakowska and her colleagues recently performed follow-up deep imaging of Andromeda XXXVI with the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, which confirmed the UFD nature of this galaxy.

Experiment indicates new type of mesic nuclei that could reveal how matter acquires mass

Nearly every object we interact with in our lives has a mass, but where does this mass come from? Modern physics says matter acquires its mass from interaction with a physical vacuum—it is not an empty space, but contains a complex structure. Investigating the system of a meson—a composite particle made of a quark, an elementary particle, and its anti-matter, anti-quark—bound to an atomic nucleus, a mesic nucleus, provides precious insight into the vacuum structure, or mass generation mechanism. Scientists are now one step closer to further understanding the origin of mass thanks to new experimental results on a completely new type of mesic nucleus.

The researchers, as part of a major international collaboration, have reported evidence hinting at the existence of a never-before-seen but predicted exotic bound state known as an η′-mesic nucleus. The findings are published in Physical Review Letters.

Physicists have theorized that under certain conditions, short-lived particles called mesons—which only exist for less than a ten-millionth of a second—can become temporarily trapped inside a nucleus, forming an exotic bound system. Measuring mesic nuclei could help scientists understand how the strong nuclear force, which binds atomic nuclei together, behaves and how the vacuum structure changes in extremely high-density environments.

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