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LLMs, Cellular Automata & the Brain—a conversation with Duggan Hammock of the Wolfram Institute

What do large language models, cellular automata, and the human brain have in common? In this polymath salon, I talk with Dugan Hammock from the Wolfram Institute to discuss the deep links between these seemingly disparate fields.

Highlights include:

Computational Irreducibility: Why we can’t take shortcuts in complex systems—whether it’s a simple cellular automaton or a sophisticated LLM generating text.

The Power of Autoregression: How the simple, step-by-step process of predicting the next element can give rise to incredible complexity and human-like language.

The Nature of Thinking: Whether our own thought processes are fundamentally autoregressive and sequential, or if there’s a different, parallel mode of cognition at play.

Memory and Consciousness: The critical role of a system’s “memory” or history in shaping its future, and how this relates to our own awareness and sense of self.

Elongated skull from Italian cave reveals earliest European evidence of cranial modification

A University of Florence–led team reports early Eurasian evidence of artificial cranial modification (ACM) in a Late Upper Paleolithic individual from Arene Candide Cave, Italy. Shape analyses place the specimen within the ACM cluster and radiocarbon dates to 12,620–12,190 years ago.

Body culturalization runs deep in human history, from adornments to permanent modifications recorded in archaeological contexts. More than just stylistic choices, transformations in appearance impart cultural values and symbolic meanings through the physical body, serving as a living artifact of cultural practices and societal beliefs, perpetuating shared values and collective identity.

Searching for these cultural clues with archaeology can be tricky. Tattoos require rare forms of soft-tissue preservation (Ötzi the iceman, for example) and adornments like piercings fall away with deteriorating flesh, whereas skeletal markers such as intentional dental modification and cranial modifications offer more lasting evidence of practices that shaped identity over millennia.

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