Populations of dopamine neurons don’t simply signal reward prediction errors—they encode rich maps of possible future outcomes, including when and how much a reward might be.
Category: neuroscience – Page 32
Multiway Systems as Models to Understand Mind and Universe — a Conversation with Stephen Wolfram
Our earliest models of reality were expressed as static structures and geometry, until mathematicians of the 16th century came up with differential algebra, a framework which allowed us to capture aspects of the world as a dynamical system. The 20th century introduced the concept of computation, and we began to model the world through state transitions. Stephen Wolfram suggests that we may be about to enter a new paradigm: multicomputation. At the core of multicomputation is the non-deterministic Turing machine, one of the more arcane ideas of 20th century computer science. Unlike a deterministic Turing machine, it does not just transition from one state to the next, but to all possible states simultaneously, resulting in structures that emerge over the branching and merging of causal paths.
Stephen Wolfram studies the resulting multiway systems as a model for foundational physics. Multiway systems can also be used as an abstraction to understand biological and social processes, economic dynamics, and model-building itself.
In this conversation, we want to explore whether mental processes can be understood as multiway systems, and what the multicomputational perspective might imply for memory, perception, decision making and consciousness.
About the Guest: Stephen Wolfram is one of the most interesting and least boring thinkers of our time, well known for his unique contributions to computer science, theoretical physics and the philosophy of computation. Among other things, Stephen is the creator of the Wolfram Language (also known as Mathematica), the knowledge engine Wolfram|Alpha, the author of the books A New Kind of Science and A Project to Find the Fundamental Theory of Physics, and the founder and CEO of Wolfram Research.
We anticipate that this will be an intellectually fascinating discussion; please consider reading some of the following articles ahead of time:
The Concept of the Ruliad: https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2021/11/the-concept-of-the-ruliad/
Potential new treatment for Alzheimer’s disease, other neurodegenerative conditions
Drug developed by Case Western Reserve University researchers found to protect ‘guardian of the brain’ Worldwide, more than 55 million people suffer from dementia caused by Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and other conditions that destroy cells in the brain and nervous system. While there is no treatment to control or manage these neurodegenerative conditions, investigators at Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center have identified a new and promising drug to treat AD. The […]
Do neurons transmit light?
“Scientists have shown that there is ultra-weak photon emission in the brain, but no one understands why the light is there.”
If light is at play and scientists can understand why, it could have major implications for medically treating brain diseases and drastically change the way physicians heal the brain. But measuring optical transport between neurons would be no easy task.
Our brain and nerves rely on incredibly fast electrical signals to communicate, a process long understood to involve tiny bursts of electricity called action potentials that travel along nerve fibers. But scientists are now exploring whether something else might also be part of this picture: light.
Yes—light, or more specifically, photons. Some researchers have suggested that nerves might not only use electrical impulses but could also send signals using photons, the same particles that make up visible light. This idea is based on the possibility that the fatty coating around nerves, called the myelin sheath, could act like an optical fiber—just like the cables used to carry internet signals using light.
In earlier work, the researchers behind this new study proposed that light might actually be generated in specific parts of the nerve called nodes of Ranvier, which are tiny gaps in the myelin sheath that help boost the electrical signal. Now, they’ve gone a step further: using a special photographic technique involving silver ions, they’ve found physical evidence of photons being emitted from these nodes during nerve activity.
Their experiments suggest that, alongside the familiar electrical signals, nerves might also be emitting light when they fire—shining a new light, literally and figuratively, on how our nervous system might work.
Facial Stimulation Clears Brain Waste and Boosts Aging Minds
Researchers have discovered a safe, non-invasive way to enhance the brain’s waste clearance system by mechanically stimulating lymphatic vessels just beneath the facial skin.
WVU student discovers long-awaited mystery fungus sought by LSD’s inventor
Making a discovery with the potential for innovative applications in pharmaceutical development, a West Virginia University microbiology student has found a long sought-after fungus that produces effects similar to the semisynthetic drug LSD, which is used to treat conditions like depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and addiction.
Corinne Hazel, of Delaware, Ohio, an environmental microbiology major and Goldwater Scholar, discovered the new species of fungus growing in morning glory plants and named it Periglandula clandestina.
Hazel made the discovery while working in the lab with Daniel Panaccione, Davis-Michael Professor of Plant and Soil Sciences at the WVU Davis College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. She was studying how morning glories disperse protective chemicals called “ergot alkaloids” through their roots when she saw evidence of a fungus.
