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Category: neuroscience – Page 14

Two to tango: Study shows dancers’ brains sync up as they move together

Scientists at the University of Colorado Boulder have discovered something that experienced ballroom dancers have long known: When dancers are in tune with each other, their brains may sync up, helping them move as one.

“When we dance, our brains are actually coupling,” said Thiago Roque, a graduate student in the Atlas Institute who led the study. “We are synchronizing our brains through our behavior.”

For the unique experiment, the researchers placed electroencephalogram (EEG) caps, or devices that measure electrical activity in the brain, on pairs doing the Argentine Tango—a sensuous dance where a leader and follower hold each other tight while moving together to music.

The brain may use dopamine to bend time and shape memory

Ever heard of getting a “dopamine hit” from something you enjoy? These exciting moments also appear to influence memory, although perhaps not in the way you’d expect.

New research by UCLA psychologists suggests your brain may use dopamine to distort and expand time between distinct events, separating the flow of experience into pieces that can be flexibly reconstructed in the future.

The study, published in Nature Communications, found that a key dopamine-producing area of the brain—the ventral tegmental area—was activated when volunteers participating in an MRI scan detected the start of a new event. Importantly, when this dopamine hub was strongly activated, people reported more time had passed. The researchers also found that when people blinked more during a new event—an action thought to be related to dopamine signaling—their memory for time once again expanded.

The Neuroscience Behind Adversarial Convergence and How It Can Influence AI Design

In a previous article, I traced Adversarial Convergence (AC) through 2,500 years of human intellectual history — from Sun Tzu’s unsentimental assessment of self and enemy, through Socrates’ elenchus, through Hegel’s dialectic, and to Kant’s critical method. The argument was that AC isn’t a novel prompt engineering technique. It’s a formalization of something human cognition has been doing naturally whenever it operates at points of tension and resolution.

This raises a deeper question: why does structured adversarial reasoning consistently produce more refined analysis and conclusions? What is it about human cognitive architecture that makes this particular structure the natural shape of rigorous truth-seeking? The answer appears to live, at least in part, in a small but remarkably important region of the brain.

Brain motion is driven by mechanical coupling with the abdomen

UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — The brain is more mechanically connected to the body than previously appreciated, scientists reported today (April 27) in Nature Neuroscience. Through a study using mice and simulations, the team found a potential biological mechanism underlying why exercise is thought to benefit brain health: abdominal contractions compress blood vessels connected to the spinal cord and the brain, enabling the organ to gently move within the skull. This swaying facilitates the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid to flow over the brain, potentially washing away neural waste that could cause problems for brain function.

According to Patrick Drew, professor of engineering science and mechanics, of neurosurgery, of biology and of biomedical engineering at Penn State, the work builds on previous studies detailing how sleep and neuron loss can influence how and when cerebrospinal fluid flushes through the brain.

“Our research explains how just moving around might serve as an important physiological mechanism promoting brain health,” said Drew, corresponding author on the paper. “In this study, we found that when the abdominal muscles contract, they push blood from the abdomen into the spinal cord, just like in a hydraulic system, applying pressure to the brain and making it move. Simulations show that this gentle brain movement will drive fluid flow in and around the brain. It is thought the movement of fluid in the brain is important for removing waste and preventing neurodegenerative disorders. Our research shows that a little bit of motion is good, and it could be another reason why exercise is good for our brain health.”

Drew, who also holds the title of associate director of the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, explained how in a hydraulic system, a pump creates pressure that drives fluid flow. In this case, the pump is the abdominal contraction — which can be as light as the tensing prior to sitting up or taking a step. The contraction puts pressure on the vertebral venous plexus, a network of veins that connect the abdominal cavity to the spinal cavity, causing the brain to move.

Abstract: Nature Neuroscience Brain motion is driven by mechanical coupling with the abdomen.

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Experiments advance efforts to restore vision with transplanted neurons

Researchers at Johns Hopkins Medicine say they have successfully demonstrated that disrupting an eye structure long suspected of blocking the growth and survival of transplanted nerve cells may help restore vision in people with optic nerve damage.

A report on the experiments with animals, stem cells and donated eye tissue was published in Science Translational Medicine. It suggests that altering or removing a thin layer of tissue called the internal limiting membrane, which separates the light-sensing retinal tissue at the back of the eye from the gel-like vitreous fluid that fills the eye, could help transplanted retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) survive and grow in people with blinding optic nerve damage.

Such damage, also known as optic neuropathy, occurs when retinal ganglion cells die of disease, inflammation or injury and stop carrying electrical signals to the brain. Common causes of damage include glaucoma, optic nerve inflammation (optic neuritis) and ischemic optic neuropathy (sudden loss of blood flow to the optic nerve).

Brain scans of 800 incarcerated men link psychopathy to an expanded cortical surface area

A large-scale brain imaging study of over 800 incarcerated men reveals that highly psychopathic individuals possess an expanded cortical surface area and a compressed physical brain organization, offering new clues into the biology of empathy and antisocial behavior.

Neuromodulation for gait disorders

Gait impairments such as freezing, weakness and imbalance remain resistant to standard therapies across neurological disorders. This Review examines advances in neuromodulation, from refining deep brain stimulation to integrating spinal and distributed strategies. It discusses adaptive neurotechnologies, mechanistic insights and a framework for tailoring spatiotemporally precise interventions to restore gait control.

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