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Category: neuroscience – Page 125

Holographic optogenetics could enable faster brain mapping for new discoveries

Recent technological advances have opened new possibilities for neuroscience research, allowing researchers to map the brain’s structure and synaptic connectivity (i.e., the junctions via which neurons communicate with each other) with increasing precision.

Despite these developments, most widely employed methods to image synaptic connectivity are slow and fail to precisely record changes in the connections between in vivo, or in other words, while animals are awake and engaging in specific activities.

Two different research groups, one based at Columbia University and UC Berkeley, and the other at the Vision Institute of Sorbonne University in Paris, introduced a promising approach to study synapses in vivo. Their proposed mapping strategies, outlined in two Nature Neuroscience papers, combine holographic optogenetics, a method to selectively and precisely stimulate or silence specific neuron populations, with .

Problems with modern Philosophical Solutions to Chalmer’s Hard Problem of Consciousness; and how the loss of the Primal Eye in early evolution seemingly gave rise to (waking and sleeping) ‘Subjectivity’

In this paper, I explore the limitations of various modern philosophical approaches to Chalmers’ Hard Problem of Consciousness, highlighting how the MVT/absent Primal Eye framework offers a compelling explanation for the qualitative nature of experience. We invite you to read these findings and share your thoughts on this intriguing intersection of philosophy and consciousness.

(https://www.academia.edu/144710257/Problems_with_modern_Philosophical_Solutions_to_Chalmer_s_Hard_Problem_of_Consciousness_and_how_the_loss_of_the_Primal_Eye_in_early_evolution_seemingly_gave_rise_to_waking_and_sleeping_Subjectivity)

Posthuman University Journal, October, 2025.

Materialist reductions fail to bridge the Explanatory Gap, functionalism fails to capture qualia, dissolutionism fails to account for phenomenal reality, and panpsychism collapses under the weight of the Combination Problem. The MVT/ absent Primal Eye philosophical framework seems to successfully explain the qualitative nature of experience without either denying its existence or creating an equally intractable set of metaphysical mysteries.

How to Turn Genes On or Off to Protect Brain Cells From Dementia

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What they discovered.

Kampmann’s work, supported by the National Institutes of Science (NIH), maps cellular “decision points” that determine whether brain cells survive or die — laying the groundwork for treatments that intervene before irreversible brain damage occurs.

Using CRISPR-based gene targeting technology that his team helped develop and pioneer the use of in brain cells, Kampmann has identified genes and cellular processes that influence the buildup of amyloid plaque and tau in the brain, two primary contributors to dementia. Thanks to this technology, called CRISPR interference and CRISPR activation, select genes in the laboratory can be turned on or off to protect brain cells from decline.

“We can conduct large-scale experiments that target all the genes in the human genome — 20,000 of them,” said Kampmann, explaining his work after receiving the Byers Award earlier this year. “And that way, we can basically have a little knob on each gene to ask which of all of the genes play a role in a disease.”

Continue reading “How to Turn Genes On or Off to Protect Brain Cells From Dementia” | >

Neuronal hyperactivity and broader tuning linked to altered sound processing in autism model rats

People with autism spectrum disorders commonly have difficulty processing sensory information, which can make busy, bright or loud settings—such as schools, airports and restaurants—stressful or even painful. The neurological causes for altered sound processing are complex, and researchers are interested in better understanding them to make life better for people with autism.

In a study that combines behavioral tests, computer models and electrophysiological recordings of neuron activity, researchers have found that hyperactivity of neurons in the auditory cortex and the reaction of these neurons to an unusually broad range of frequencies contribute to this altered processing in rat models. The research is published in the journal PLOS Biology.

“One of the things we thought wasn’t being looked at enough was this idea of sensory discrimination: being able to distinguish between different features in our environment,” said Benjamin Auerbach, a professor of molecular and integrative physiology at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

After distractions, rotating brain waves may help thought circle back to the task

As sure as the brain is prone to distraction, it can also return its focus to the task at hand. A new study in animals by scientists at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory of MIT shows how that seems to happen: Coordinated neural activity in the form of a rotating brain wave puts thought back on track.

“The rotating waves act like herders that steer the cortex back to the correct computational path,” said study senior author Earl K. Miller, Picower Professor in the Picower Institute and MIT’s Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences.

Picower Institute postdoc Tamal Batabyal is the lead author of the study published in the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

Imaging study shows how brains go off-track in rare childhood disorder

Researchers at the VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology have visualized how brain network development is altered in a model of KCNQ2-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, a rare childhood brain disorder. Using longitudinal imaging techniques, the team observed differences in how brain regions communicate and connect, long before behavioral symptoms appear.

KCNQ2-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (KCNQ2-DEE) is a rare but severe neurological disorder that affects newborns. Children with this condition typically develop seizures within days after birth and continue to face learning and movement difficulties. The disorder is caused by mutations in a potassium-channel gene that disrupts normal brain activity.

To investigate how this disorder affects , the team of Professor Sarah Weckhuysen visualized and structure throughout early growth in mice carrying the same genetic defect. The study is published in the journal eBioMedicine.

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