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Category: chemistry – Page 35

Ancient hominins selected basalt sources for specific tools nearly 800,000 years ago, study reveals

A new study finds that ancient hominins nearly 800,000 years ago deliberately selected specific basalt sources for different stages of tool production rather than simply using whatever stone was available nearby. By tracing the geochemical “fingerprints” of stone tools to both exposed and now-buried basalt flows, the researchers demonstrated that these hominins possessed detailed environmental knowledge, advanced planning abilities, and long-term technological traditions that were maintained and repeated across generations.

A new study published in Scientific Reports provides new insights into the technological behavior and raw material procurement strategies of early Middle Pleistocene hominins at the Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov (GBY). The study uses geochemical analyses of basalt artifacts and nearby basalt sources to trace where the raw material used for tool production came from and to reconstruct how early hominins selected stone within a landscape that has changed dramatically over time. The research was carried out by Dr. Tzahi Golan and Dr. Yoav Ben Dor of the Geological Survey of Israel, and Prof. Naama Goren-Inbar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

GBY, dated to about 780,000 years ago, preserves repeated occupations of Acheulian hominins along the shores of paleo-Lake Hula. Excavations directed by Prof. Goren-Inbar revealed a rich archaeological record, including stone tools made of flint, limestone and basalt, as well as evidence of fire use, plant exploitation, animal processing and fish consumption.

Organic transistor unites memory, signal processing and light emission below 3.5 V

Seoul National University researchers have developed an ultra-low-voltage electrochemical organic light-emitting transistor that can simultaneously perform signal processing, memory and light emission within a single semiconductor device. By introducing an ion-transport enhancer into the light-emitting polymer semiconductor channel, the team enabled electric-double-layer formation at the drain electrode interface, allowing efficient electron injection without relying on the high voltages or unstable n-type doping used in conventional approaches.

As a result, the device maintained a simple single-active-layer structure while achieving both low-voltage operation and wide, spatially pinned light emission, together with neuromorphic signal-processing functionality.

The work is published in the journal Nature Materials.

Neutron star merger simulations gain new precision with AI-driven r-process heating

Using a novel simulation model based on machine learning, an international research team at GSI/FAIR has succeeded in gaining a deeper understanding of element formation in stellar events such as neutron star mergers. For the first time, the scientists used deep learning with a neural network to model the energy release during r-process nucleosynthesis in hydrodynamic simulations. The results are published in the journal Physical Review D.

Many of the chemical elements we know are created in massive stellar events such as exploding stars or neutron star mergers. These events release incredible amounts of energy, allowing for the production of heavy nuclides. One key nuclear production process is the so-called rapid neutron-capture process, or r-process, in which free neutrons are captured by existing nuclei and converted into protons—thus creating larger, heavier atomic nuclei.

“Researchers around the world strive to make these complex reactions understandable through theoretical simulations. However, modeling all parameters requires incredible computing power, which is why the models often have to be simplified,” said Dr. Oliver Just, first author of the publication and a researcher in the Nuclear Astrophysics & Structure Department at GSI/FAIR. “Our new model, RHINE, which uses artificial intelligence, offers an efficient alternative.”

Lunar orbiter concept could reveal five key elements across moon in two years

Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University have used simulations to show that a newly developed, compact X-ray telescope could be used to map the chemical composition of the entire lunar surface, a vital breakthrough for understanding its geological evolution. Detailed modeling of the detector and a realistic satellite mission show that two years would be enough to map five key elements, while an array of 5-by-5 detectors could improve resolution and get results faster.

The geological evolution of the moon remains a mystery to scientists. This reflects how challenging it is to get accurate information, such as a complete map of the geochemistry of the lunar surface. Since we cannot readily go and collect samples from anywhere, scientists use a technology known as X-ray fluorescence imaging, in which detectors directed at the moon are used to pick up X-rays released by specific elements when they are hit by solar rays.

While observations during the Apollo and Chandrayaan missions have successfully yielded partial maps, we are nowhere near a comprehensive map that might illuminate lunar geology. This is due to significant technical challenges, including a lack of sufficient illumination by solar rays during the lifetime of a mission and degradation of the detector. The illumination issue is particularly pronounced in polar regions, where solar X-rays are much weaker.

A new strategy for assembling π-conjugated panels into square molecules revealed

A research group has developed a new method for selectively synthesizing three-dimensional macrocycles,⁽¹⁾ in which four panels are arranged in a square, by connecting planar π-conjugated molecules⁽²⁾ at right angles.

This method is applicable to a wide variety of π-conjugated molecules and allows the size of the internal cavity to be designed. Furthermore, the resulting square macrocycles exhibit acid responsiveness, reversibly changing color under the action of a mild acid, while acid-mediated hydrolysis enables the starting monomers to be recovered in high yield—realizing a sustainable molecular synthesis that reverts to and regenerates the starting materials. The originality of this work lies in having a single imine bond play three roles: creating the shape, responding to stimuli and reverting back.

These research results were published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society on Monday, June 1, 2026. The team includes Associate Professor Yasutomo Segawa and Assistant Professor Takashi Harimoto at the Institute for Molecular Science (National Institutes of Natural Sciences) and the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI).

Did this star eat its planets? A new study offers clues on ‘chemical paradox’ of a binary system

Astronomers have investigated a puzzling binary star system in which two stars that may have formed together now show dramatically different chemical compositions. The new study, uploaded to the arXiv preprint server on May 29, hints at the possibility that one of the stars may have swallowed its own planets.

Generally, in binary systems, the two stars form from the same molecular cloud and, as a result, have the same age and chemical composition. Any differences in their metallicity, astronomers say, hint at an event involving mass transfer or engulfment of planetary components or other internal processes. HD 81,809 is one such peculiar system in which the stars are both sun-like G stars but are at different stages of evolution.

The primary star, HD 81809A, has crossed the main-sequence phase, depleted its hydrogen fuel in the core but hasn’t turned into a giant star yet—it is now a subgiant. On the other hand, the secondary star, HD 81809B, is still a main-sequence star. It has lithium enrichment and there is a difference in iron content between the two stars—the primary is metal-poor with an iron abundance of −0.57 dex, while the secondary has roughly solar metallicity around 0.00 dex.

The delusion of a particle-only universe

If everything that happens in the world ultimately comes down to the behavior of fundamental particles, it would seem that other entities, from cells to human beings, from currencies to financial markets, aren’t really causing anything at all—that they are just shadows cast by patterns at the most fundamental level. But philosopher David Yates argues this conclusion is wrong. The whole affects the parts, and higher-level structures don’t just describe what is happening at lower levels in more convenient terms—they actively shape what is possible. This means that chemists, biologists, psychologists, and economists aren’t chasing shadows. They are studying structures that genuinely shape how the world unfolds.

In 1974, Jerry Fodor published a seminal paper titled ‘Special Sciences’, in which he argued for an intuitive and compelling picture of the relationship between fundamental physics and higher-level sciences such as biology, psychology and economics. Our world, according to Fodor, is arranged hierarchically, with fundamental physical particles at the bottom, combining to form molecules, which combine to form cells, which combine to form complex organisms, some of which have mental states, among them humans, who combine to form complex societies. The sciences are likewise arranged, with physics at the bottom, followed by chemistry, biology, physiology, neuroscience, psychology, sociology and economics. Now it is vanishingly unlikely, says Fodor, that things that share e.g. psychological or economic properties, also share some property specifiable in the language of physics or other lower-level sciences.

Laser beam builds cell-like protein networks without chemical modification

Networks of protein fibers play important roles in living cells. To understand the dynamical behavior of these networks, model networks are needed to perform in vitro studies. However, fabrication of protein networks similar to those in cells has proved difficult, as current methods could affect the biological function of these proteins—ultimately impacting our understanding of any findings.

Now, researchers at The University of Osaka and Saitama University have used a laser beam to precisely fabricate a network of protein fibers. Their discovery was recently reported in Advanced Science.

The shape of living cells is determined by an internal network of protein fibers called a cytoskeleton. The cytoskeletal structure is dynamic, as the key nodes for cell function shift over time. One such cell function can be witnessed with motor proteins, which convert chemical energy into mechanical work. These proteins walk along cytoskeletal tracks to drive muscle contraction and transport components across the cell.