How sleep microstructure organizes memory replay.
T occur in isolation; older memories are also replayed during sleep, raising an intriguing challenge: how does the brain avoid interference between fragile new memories and stable old ones?” + To explore this question, researchers developed a groundbreaking method to study both hippocampal activity and sleep dynamics simultaneously in naturally sleeping mice. Using a technique called pupillometry, which measures oscillatory changes in pupil size, they uncovered a previously unknown “microstructure” within non-REM sleep that helps the brain manage memory replay.
They discovered that memory replay is organized into distinct substates of non-REM sleep:
1. Contracted pupil substates: During these phases, the hippocampus predominantly replays new memories. This activity is associated with sharp-wave ripples—brief bursts of electrical activity critical for memory consolidation—and strong excitatory inputs from external sources.
2. Dilated pupil substates: In contrast, older memories are reactivated during these phases, characterized by increased local inhibitory activity, which helps maintain stability and prevent interference.