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The Megastructure Compendium

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In the future humanity may build enormous structures, feats of mega-engineering that may rival planets or even be of greater scope. This episode catalogs roughly 100 major types of Megastructure, from those that are cities in space to those that rival galaxies.

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▬ Megastructure Index ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
0:00 — Intro.
03:23 — Active Support.
04:30 — Alderson Disc.
08:30 — Arcology Megatower.
09:48 — Arkship.
10:49 — Artificial Sun.
11:49 — Asteroid Colonies.
13:02 — Atlas Pillars.
14:19 — Banks Orbital.
16:29 — Bernal Sphere.
17:34 — Birch Planet.
20:48 — Bishop Ring.
22:55 — Black Hole Gravity Generator.
23:54 — Black Hole Power Generator.
25:40 — Bubble Hab.
26:36 — Buckyhabs.
28:12 — BWC Megastructures.
29:08 — Caplan Thruster.
29:46 — Carbon Nanotubes.
30:31 — Chainworlds.
31:07 — Chandelier Cities.
31:45 — Clarketech.
32:30 — Cube Worlds.
33:24 — Cylinder Habitat.
36:09 — Dark Sky Station.
36:37 — Disc Worlds & Flat Earths.
38:01 — Dyson Spheres.
40:04 — Dyson Spike.
40:45 — Dyson Swarm.
42:14 — Ecumenopolis.
42:44 — Edersphere/Ederworld.
43:52 — Fusion Candle.
44:29 — Graphene.
44:49 — Grav Plating.
45:20 — Hammer Hab.
45:48 — Helios Drive.
46:43 — Hoop World or Donut World.
47:27 — Hydroshell.
48:13 — Interstellar Black Hole Highway.
48:48 — Interstellar Laser Highway.
50:06 — Jenkins Swarm.
50:27 — Kalpana 1
51:28 — Kipping Terrascope.
52:08 — Lagite.
52:57 — Lofstrom Loop.
53:52 — Magmatter.
54:50 — Matrioshka Brain.
56:45 — Matrioshka Shellworld.
57:53 — McKendree Cylinder.
58:36 — Megatelescope Arrays.
59:25 — Mini Earth.
1:00:30 — Mushroom Habitat.
1:01:26 — Neptunian Chainsaw.
1:01:55 — Nicoll-Dyson Beam.
1:02:52 — Nova Drive.
1:03:16 — O’Neill Cylinder.
1:03:57 — Orbital Plates.
1:04:42 — Orbital Ring.
1:07:22 — Paperclip Maximizer & Grey Goo.
1:08:26 — Parabolic Habitat.
1:10:08 — Planet Brain / Jupiter Brain.
1:10:35 — Planet Ships.
1:11:25 — Planet Swarm.
1:12:21 — Planetary Cycler/Aldrin Cycler.
1:13:10 — Power Beamers.
1:13:55 — Quasar drive.
1:15:25 — Quasite.
1:16:00 — Red Globular Cluster.
1:17:14 — Relativistic Kill Missile.
1:17:55 — Ribbon Worlds.
1:19:12 — Ring Habitat.
1:20:06 — Ringworld.
1:21:36 — Rotacity or Bowl Hab.
1:22:19 — Rungworld.
1:23:25 — Shell World.
1:24:53 — Shkadov Thrusters.
1:25:37 — Sky Cities & Cloud Cities.
1:26:38 — Skyhooks.
1:27:24 — Smoke Ring.
1:28:26 — Solar Mirrors.
1:29:21 — Solar Shades.
1:30:29 — Sombrero Planet.
1:30:51 — Space Elevetors.
1:32:18 — Space Farms.
1:33:27 — Spin Gravity.
1:34:05 — Space Towers.
1:34:50 — Stanford Torus.
1:35:45 — Starlifting.
1:36:55 — Statite.
1:38:31 — Stellar Pinwheel.
1:39:00 — Stellaser.
1:40:34 — Suntower.
1:41:51 — Supramundane Worlds.
1:42:57 — Terran Ring.
1:43:58 — Topopolis.
1:45:07 — Unobtainium.
1:45:35 — Valley House.
1:45:55 — World House.
1:46:26 — Wormhole.
1:53:00 — Credits.

Credits:
The Megastructure Compendium.
Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur.
Episode 346, June 9, 2022
Written & Produced by Isaac Arthur.
Narrated by Isaac Arthur & Sarah Fowler Arthur.

Editors:

Continue reading “The Megastructure Compendium” | >

The smallest robotic arm you can imagine is controlled by artificial intelligence

Researchers used deep reinforcement learning to steer atoms into a lattice shape, with a view to building new materials or nanodevices.

In a very cold vacuum chamber, single atoms of silver form a star-like . The precise formation is not accidental, and it wasn’t constructed directly by either. Researchers used a kind of artificial intelligence called learning to steer the atoms, each a fraction of a nanometer in size, into the lattice shape. The process is similar to moving marbles around a Chinese checkers board, but with very tiny tweezers grabbing and dragging each atom into place.

The main application for deep is in robotics, says postdoctoral researcher I-Ju Chen. “We’re also building robotic arms with deep learning, but for moving atoms,” she explains. “Reinforcement learning is successful in things like playing chess or video games, but we’ve applied it to solve at the nanoscale.”

Biomembrane research findings could advance understanding of computing and human memory

While studying how bio-inspired materials might inform the design of next-generation computers, scientists at the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory achieved a first-of-its-kind result that could have big implications for both edge computing and human health.

Results published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences show that an artificial is capable of long-term potentiation, or LTP, a hallmark of biological learning and . This is the first evidence that a cell membrane alone—without proteins or other biomolecules embedded within it—is capable of LTP that persists for many hours. It is also the first identified nanoscale structure in which memory can be encoded.

“When facilities were shut down as a result of COVID, this led us to pivot away from our usual membrane research,” said John Katsaras, a biophysicist in ORNL’s Neutron Sciences Directorate specializing in neutron scattering and the study of biological membranes at ORNL.

Researchers develop nano-based technology to fight osteoporosis

University of Central Florida researchers have created unique technology for treating osteoporosis that uses nanobubbles to deliver treatment to targeted areas of a person’s body.

The new technology was developed by Mehdi Razavi, an assistant professor in UCF’s College of Medicine and a member of the Biionix Cluster at UCF, and UCF biomedical sciences student Angela Shar at the Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Lab, as part of the lab’s focus on developing tools for diagnostics and therapeutics.

Osteoporosis is a disease marked by an imbalance between the body’s ability to form new , or ossification, and break down, or remove, old , known as resorption.

Bacterial extracellular electron transfer: a powerful route to the green biosynthesis of inorganic nanomaterials for multifunctional applications

Two categories of nanofabrication technologies are known as top-down and bottom-up approaches [5]. For the former, nanosized materials are prepared through the rupture of bulk materials to fine particles, and such a process is usually conducted by diverse physical and mechanical techniques like lithography, laser ablation, sputtering, ball milling and arc-discharging [6, 7]. These techniques themselves are simple, and nanosized materials can be produced quickly after relatively short technological process, but expensive specialized equipment and high energy consumption are usually inevitable. Meanwhile, a variety of efficient chemical bottom-up methods, where atoms assemble into nuclei and then form nanoparticles, have been intensively studied to synthesize and modulate nanomaterials with specific shape and size [8].

Indeed, chemical methodologies, including but not limited to, aqueous reaction using chemical reducing agents (e.g. hydrazine hydrate and sodium borohydride), electrochemical deposition, hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis, sol–gel processing, chemical liquid/vapor deposition, have been developed up to now [5, 6]. These approaches can not only produce diverse nanomaterials with fairly high yields, but also endow fine controllability in tailoring nanostructures and properties of the products. Nevertheless, they have been encountering some serious challenges of harsh reaction conditions (e.g. pH and temperature), potential risks in human health and environment, and low cost-effectiveness. Moreover, there are biosafety concerns on products synthesized chemically using hazardous reagents, which restricts their applications in many areas, particularly in medicines and pharmaceuticals [9].

Impressively, biological methodology is becoming a favourite in nanomaterial synthesis nowadays to address challenges in chemical synthesis. Compared to chemical routes, biosynthesis using natural and biological materials as reducing, stabilizing and capping agents are simple, energy-and cost-effective, mild and environment-friendly, which is termed as “Green Chemistry” [2, 6]. More significantly, the biologically synthesized nanomaterials have much better competitiveness in biocompatibility, compared to those chemically derived counterparts. On the one hand, the biogenic nanomaterials are free from toxic contamination of by-products that are usually involved in chemical synthesis process; on the other hand, the biosynthesis do not need additional stabilizing agents because either the used organisms themselves or their constituents can act as capping and stabilizing agents and the attached biological components in turn form biocompatible envelopes on the resultant nanomaterials, leading to actively interact with biological systems [2]. As one of the most abundant biological resources, some microorganisms have adapted to habitat contaminated with toxic metals, and thus evolved powerful tactics for remediating polluted environment while recycling metal resources [7, 10], and some review articles on the biosynthesis of MNPs using diverse microorganisms including bacteria, yeast, fungi, alga, etc. and their applications have been published in recent years [1, 2, 6, 7, 10].

X-rays reveal elusive chemistry for better electric vehicle batteries

Researchers around the world are on a mission to relieve a bottleneck in the clean energy revolution: batteries. From electric vehicles to renewable grid-scale energy storage, batteries are at the heart of society’s most crucial green innovations—but they need to pack more energy to make these technologies widespread and practical.

Now, a team of scientists led by chemists at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has unraveled the complex chemical mechanisms of a component that is crucial for boosting energy density: the interphase. Their work published today in Nature Nanotechnology.

Researchers harness bacteria-eating viruses to create powerful food decontamination spray

Researchers at McMaster University have created a powerful new weapon against bacterial contamination and infection.

They have developed a way to coax bacteriophages—harmless viruses that eat bacteria—into linking together and forming microscopic beads. Those beads can safely be applied to and other materials to rid them of harmful pathogens such as E. coli 0157. Each bead is about 20 microns, (one 50th of a millimeter) in diameter and is loaded with millions of phages.

The McMaster engineering team behind the invention, led by professors Zeinab Hosseinidoust, who holds the Canada Research Chair in Bacteriophage Bioengineering, and Tohid Didar, who holds the Canada Research Chair in Nano-Biomaterials, and graduate student Lei Tian, have created a spray using nothing but the microbeads.

Nano-magnets can be used to restore damaged nerve cells —Bar-Ilan

These fundamental units of the brain and nervous system – composed of the cell body, the dendrites and the axon (a long, thin extension responsible for communicating with other cells) – receive sensory input from the external world, send motor commands to our muscles and for transform and relay the electrical signals at every step in between.

“Our novel method of creating ‘mini-brains’ opens the door to finding solutions for various neurological impairments”

Prof. Orit Shefi and doctoral student Reut Plen from the Kofkin Faculty of Engineering at Bar-Ilan University (BIU) have developed a novel technique to overcome this challenge using nanotechnology and magnetic manipulations – one of the most innovative approaches to creating neural networks. Their research was recently published in the peer-reviewed journal Advanced Functional Materials under the title “Bioengineering 3D Neural Networks Using Magnetic Manipulations.”