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When Americans migrate from violent states, the risk of future violence follows them

Americans who grow up in historically violent states may move to a safer state, but they remain far more likely to die violently, according to new research co-authored at the University of California, Berkeley.

In effect, the research finds, people who migrate from states with a strong “culture of honor” bring with them a don’t-back-down defensiveness learned in their home communities. That makes them more likely to die by violence wherever they are, says the study led by UC Berkeley political scientist Gabriel Lenz, a specialist in crime and criminal justice.

The study, “Migration and the Persistence of Violence,” was published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Lenz’s co-authors were Martin Vinæs Larsen, an associate professor of political science at Aarhus University in Denmark, and Anna Mikkelborg, a Berkeley Ph.D. graduate and now an assistant professor of political science at Colorado State University.

Optical clock sets new accuracy record, bringing us closer to a new definition of the second

A research team at VTT MIKES has set a new record in optical-clock absolute frequency measurements using a strontium single-ion clock with exceptionally low uncertainty and high uptime.

The official definition of the second is set to be updated for the first time in decades. The change will be based on new optical clocks, which are far more precise than today’s standards.

Now, researchers at VTT MIKES have demonstrated a strontium single-ion optical clock with an exceptionally low systematic uncertainty of 7.9×10⁻¹⁹, among the lowest ever reported. Over 10 months, the clock’s frequency was measured against International Atomic Time (TAI) with an impressive 84% uptime. The record-setting total uncertainty of this measurement was just 9.8×10⁻¹⁷, limited by the cesium clocks that realize the current definition of the second and calibrate TAI. The study is published in Physical Review Applied.

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