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2025 Nobel Prize in Physics Peer Review

Introduction.

Grounded in the scientific method, it critically examines the work’s methodology, empirical validity, broader implications, and opportunities for advancement, aiming to foster deeper understanding and iterative progress in quantum technologies. ## Executive Summary.

This work, based on experiments conducted in 1984–1985, addresses a fundamental question in quantum physics: the scale at which quantum effects persist in macroscopic systems.

By engineering a Josephson junction-based circuit where billions of Cooper pairs behave collectively as a single quantum entity, the laureates provided empirical evidence that quantum phenomena like tunneling through energy barriers and discrete energy levels can manifest in human-scale devices.

This breakthrough bridges microscopic quantum mechanics with macroscopic engineering, laying foundational groundwork for advancements in quantum technologies such as quantum computing, cryptography, and sensors.

Overall strengths include rigorous experimental validation and profound implications for quantum information science, though gaps exist in scalability to room-temperature applications and full mitigation of environmental decoherence.

Framed within the broader context, this award highlights the enduring evolution of quantum mechanics from theoretical curiosity to practical innovation, building on prior Nobel-recognized discoveries like the Josephson effect (1973) and superconductivity mechanisms (1972).

Red Hat data breach escalates as ShinyHunters joins extortion

Enterprise software giant Red Hat is now being extorted by the ShinyHunters gang, with samples of stolen customer engagement reports (CERs) leaked on their data leak site.

News of the Red Hat data breach broke last week when a hacking group known as the Crimson Collective claimed to have stolen nearly 570GB of compressed data across 28,000 internal development repositories.

This data allegedly includes approximately 800 Customer Engagement Reports (CERs), which can contain sensitive information about a customer’s network, infrastructure, and platforms.

Microsoft: Critical GoAnywhere bug exploited in ransomware attacks

A cybercrime group, tracked as Storm-1175, has been actively exploiting a maximum severity GoAnywhere MFT vulnerability in Medusa ransomware attacks for nearly a month.

Tracked as CVE-2025–10035, this security flaw impacts Fortra’s web-based secure transfer GoAnywhere MFT tool, caused by a deserialization of untrusted data weakness in the License Servlet. This vulnerability can be exploited remotely in low-complexity attacks that don’t require user interaction.

Security analysts at the Shadowserver Foundation are now monitoring over 500 GoAnywhere MFT instances exposed online, although it’s unclear how many have already been patched.

Quantum key distribution method tested in urban infrastructure offers secure communications

In the era of instant data exchange and growing risks of cyberattacks, scientists are seeking secure methods of transmitting information. One promising solution is quantum cryptography—a quantum technology that uses single photons to establish encryption keys.

A team from the Faculty of Physics at the University of Warsaw has developed and tested in a novel system for quantum key distribution (QKD). The system employs so-called high-dimensional encoding. The proposed setup is simpler to build and scale than existing solutions, while being based on a phenomenon known to physicists for nearly two centuries—the Talbot effect. The research results have been published in the journals Optica Quantum, Optica, and Physical Review Applied.

“Our research focuses on quantum key distribution (QKD)—a technology that uses single photons to establish a secure cryptographic key between two parties,” says Dr. Michał Karpiński, head of the Quantum Photonics Laboratory at the Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw.

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