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Category: chemistry – Page 2

Gut microbes could protect us from toxic ‘forever chemicals’

PFAS have been linked with a range of health issues including decreased fertility, developmental delays in children, and a higher risk of certain cancers and cardiovascular diseases.

Scientists at the University of Cambridge have identified a family of bacterial species, found naturally in the human gut, that absorb various PFAS molecules from their surroundings. When nine of these bacterial species were introduced into the guts of mice to ‘humanise’ the mouse microbiome, the bacteria rapidly accumulated PFAS eaten by the mice — which were then excreted in faeces.

The researchers also found that as the mice were exposed to increasing levels of PFAS, the microbes worked harder, consistently removing the same percentage of the toxic chemicals. Within minutes of exposure, the bacterial species tested soaked up between 25% and 74% of the PFAS.

The results are the first evidence that our gut microbiome could play a helpful role in removing toxic PFAS chemicals from our body — although this has not yet been directly tested in humans.

Scientists have discovered that certain species of microbe found in the human gut can absorb PFAS — the toxic and long-lasting ‘forever chemicals.’ They say boosting these species in our gut microbiome could help protect us from the harmful effects of PFAS.

Protein Core Stability Rules Open Door for Faster Protein Design

Interestingly, the model remained accurate despite the diversity of natural domains and the divergence over such a long time span—some domains sharing less than 25% of their sequences between species.

“Evolution didn’t have to sift through an entire universe of sequences. Instead, the biochemical laws of folding create a vast, forgiving landscape for natural selection,” said Escobedo.

The field of protein engineering and design often relies on the concept that making small incremental changes to structure, followed by experimentally screening variants, is necessary. However, with the increasing use of machine learning and AI, this expectation is increasingly being pushed aside. The present work suggests that while not all proteins with significant core changes are functional, large-scale redesigns, including changes to core domains, may retain stability, challenging assumptions that such regions are off-limits.

Electron beam method enables precise nanoscale carving and building of copper structures

Creating complex structures at the tiniest scales has long been a challenge for engineers. But new research from Georgia Tech shows how electron beams, already widely used in imaging and fabrication, can also be used as ultra-precise tools to both carve and build structures out of materials like copper.

The research group of Professor Andrei Fedorov at the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering has discovered a technique that uses focused electron beams in a liquid environment to either remove or deposit copper, depending entirely on the surrounding chemistry.

By tuning the amount of in the solution, the researchers were able to control whether the beam etched away the material or deposited it, effectively allowing 3D sculpting at the atomic level.

Researchers demonstrate first bidirectional asymmetric frequency conversion in a single system

A research team in Korea has experimentally demonstrated, for the first time in the world, a nonlinear wave phenomenon that changes its frequency—either rising or falling—depending on which direction the waves come from.

Much like Janus, the Roman god with two faces looking in , the system exhibits different responses depending on the direction of the incoming wave. This groundbreaking work opens new horizons for technologies ranging from medical ultrasound imaging to advanced noise control.

The joint research team, led by Professor Junsuk Rho of POSTECH’s Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and the Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, along with Dr. Yeongtae Jang, Ph.D. candidate Beomseok Oh, and Professor Eunho Kim of Jeonbuk National University, has experimentally demonstrated a phenomenon of bidirectional asymmetric frequency conversion within a granular phononic crystal system.

Thought To Be Impossible — Scientists Rewrite a Material’s “Magnetic DNA”

Is it magic? Physicists at the University of Konstanz have successfully altered the properties of a material using light and magnons in a non-thermal manner. What if it were possible to temporarily change a material so completely that it behaves like an entirely different one? No special chemical

Chinese nanotechnology fueling advanced bio, cyber weapons, electronic warfare tools, study warns

The Chinese military is building sophisticated biological weapons and small-scale electronic tools made with nanotechnology that could be used in covert warfare, a major study warns.

“China’s invisible arsenals encompass a range of advanced weaponry that are distinctly focused on providing the Chinese Communist Party with a range of asymmetric warfare options, including the delivery of biological, biochemical and neurobiological weapons on target populations,” according to a report by three open-source intelligence analysts.

The People’s Liberation Army, or PLA, is developing nanoweapons using highly sophisticated microscopic materials that enhance the effects of biological weapons, according to the report, titled “In the Shadows of Science: Unravelling China’s Invisible Arsenals of Nanoweapons.” It was made public earlier this month.

A Machine‐Learning Approach Identifies Rejuvenating Interventions in the Human Brain

As the world population is ageing rapidly, with over two billion people projected to be above the age of 60 by 2050, age-related brain disorders are on the rise. Living longer but in poor health is not only a daunting prospect, it also places a substantial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. The idea of being able to counteract the functional decline of our brain through rejuvenating interventions sounds therefore promising. The question is how can we identify compounds that have the potential to efficiently rejuvenate brain cells and to protect the ageing population from neurodegeneration? Prof. Antonio Del Sol and his teams of computational biologists, based both at the LCSB from the University of Luxembourg and at the CIC bioGUNE in Bilbao, used their machine learning expertise to tackle the challenge.

The researchers developed what is called an “ageing clock”, a computational tool designed to measure the biological age of cells, as opposed to their chronological age. Indeed, the organs and tissues of people of the same age can evolve differently over time depending on genetic and environmental factors, leading to different biological ages. These clocks are therefore useful tools to assess ageing at the molecular level and can help in understanding its causes and consequences.

The clock designed by the LCSB and CIC bioGune researchers is specific to the brain and uses gene expression information from 365 genes to make predictions. Using a machine learning approach, it was trained on data from healthy individuals, aged from 20 to 97, and could accurately predict their age. Further tests showed that the clock is able to estimate the biological age of different cell types in the brain, especially neurons. Lastly, by looking at the predicted biological ages for healthy individuals and for patients with neurological conditions, the researchers observed that patients exhibited a higher biological age.

“Our results tell us that the biological age of the brain cells calculated by our clock reflects the decline in brain function experienced by the patients, especially between 60 and 70, and is even correlated with the degree of neurodegeneration,” explains Dr Guillem Santamaria, first author of the study. “It supports the view of neurodegeneration as a form of accelerated ageing but, more importantly, the positive association between neurodegeneration and biological age suggests that the rejuvenating interventions identified by the clock could serve as neuroprotective agents.”

The aim of the researchers was to use the clock to find genetic or chemical interventions that would significantly shift back the biological age of brain cells. They explored the effect of thousands of compounds on neural progenitor cells and neurons and identified 453 unique rejuvenating interventions.

Among the identified compounds that have the potential to reverse the biological age of the two types of brain cells, several are known to extend lifespan in animal models and some are already used to treat neurological disorders, but the vast majority has not yet been studied in the context of health-or lifespan extension. “On the one hand, the fact that our computational platform identified drugs that have a known effect on brain function supports the idea that using the predicted effect of a compound on the biological age is an efficient way to evaluate its neuroprotective potential,” details Prof. Antonio Del Sol, head of the Computational Biology groups at the LCSB and CIC BioGUNE. “On the other, the results also highlight that our clock can help us find many new candidates that haven’t been studied before for their rejuvenating properties. It opens up a lot of new avenues.”

As a proof of concept of their approach, the researchers then tested three of the predicted compounds in mice, in collaboration with the team of Prof. Rubén Nogueiras at the Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases. The administration of these drugs significantly reduced anxiety and slightly increased spatial memory in older mice, addressing two well-known symptoms associated with ageing. An analysis of gene expression showed that the combination of these compounds also led to a shift toward a younger phenotype. Altogether, these results show that a selection of compounds predicted to rejuvenate the brain did produce rejuvenation at the molecular level in the cortex of aged mice and had an impact on behavioural and cognitive functions.

Globally, the study, recently published in the journal Advanced Science, highlights the computational ageing clock developed by the researchers as a valuable resource for identifying brain-rejuvenating interventions with therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases. It provides a strong foundation for further research. “The hundreds of compounds predicted by our platform require validation across multiple biological systems to assess their efficacy and safety, offering extensive opportunities for future therapeutic development,” concludes Prof. Antonio Del Sol.

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