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Utilizing the James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have refined the measurement of the Hubble constant by studying SN H0pe, a gravitationally lensed Type Ia supernova.

This approach, integrating gravitational lensing and time-delay observations, offers a more precise determination of the universe’s expansion rate, helping reconcile some differences between past measurements.

Measuring the Hubble constant, which defines the rate at which the universe is expanding, is a dynamic field of study for astronomers globally. These researchers analyze data from both terrestrial and orbital observatories. NASAs James Webb Space Telescope has already made significant contributions to this discussion. Earlier this year, astronomers employed Webb data that included Cepheid variables and Type Ia supernovae—both reliable cosmic distance markers—to validate previous measurements of the universe’s expansion rate made by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.

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A new toolkit helps monitor and improve the efficiency of superconducting radiofrequency cavities in particle accelerators by ensuring smoother inner surfaces and analyzing impurities in niobium cavities.

Superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities are essential to the function of advanced particle accelerators. They are a key part of the systems that power the electromagnetic fields that accelerate subatomic particles. The efficiency of these cavities is influenced by the cleanliness, shape, and smoothness of their inner surfaces.

Enhancing SRF Cavities with New Toolkits.

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The Parker Solar Probe has matched its own speed and distance records in a recent close encounter with the Sun and is preparing for an even closer approach aided by a Venus flyby.

On September 30, NASAs Parker Solar Probe completed its 21st close approach to the Sun, equaling its own distance record by coming within about 4.51 million miles (7.26 million kilometers) of the solar surface.

The close approach (known as perihelion) occurred at 5:15 UTC — or 12:15 a.m. EDT — with Parker Solar Probe moving 394,700 miles per hour (635,300 kilometers per hour) around the Sun, again matching its own record. The spacecraft checked in on October 3 with mission operators at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland — where the spacecraft was also designed and built — with a beacon tone indicating it was in good health and all systems were operating normally.

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Recent advancements in phonon laser technology, which utilizes sound waves rather than light, show promising new applications in medical imaging and deep-sea exploration.

A novel technique enhances these lasers by stabilizing and strengthening the sound waves, allowing for more precise and powerful outputs. This development not only improves existing uses in medical and underwater applications but also extends potential uses to material science and quantum computing.

Enhancing Phonon Laser Technology

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UC San Diego’s study reveals that meth and PCP impair memory by causing neurons to switch from glutamate to GABA, a process reversible with specific treatments.

Sustained drug abuse can have many long-lasting effects, including memory loss and reduced cognitive functions, which can persist for years. Now, neurobiologists at the University of California San Diego have identified a reversible, shared mechanism in the brain by which drugs of different classes generate cognitive impairments.

Investigating mechanisms of drug-induced cognitive deficits.

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Researchers have developed a promising new optical memory technology using rare earth elements and quantum defects to enable denser and more efficient data storage.

This innovative approach utilizes wavelength multiplexing to increase bit density beyond traditional methods like CDs and DVDs, with theoretical models supporting the potential of near-field energy transfer for long-lasting data retention.

Introduction to Optical Memory Evolution.

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Watching for changes in the Mars ’ orbit over time could be a new way to detect passing dark matter.

Dark matter, potentially in the form of primordial black holes, could be revealing its presence through subtle influences on Mars’ orbit. These black holes, theorized remnants from the early universe, might be detectable every decade as they pass through the solar system, offering a new way to study the elusive dark matter.

Understanding dark matter: theories and experiments.

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Summary: Researchers have isolated the electrical activity of individual neurons in the vagus nerve responsible for regulating cardiovascular function in humans. By identifying neurons that fire in sync with the heartbeat, scientists can now study how these neurons monitor or control heart activity.

This breakthrough could lead to new insights into how cardiovascular diseases develop and why vagal neuron activity changes in these conditions. The findings offer a foundation for exploring therapeutic targets in heart disease by studying vagus nerve activity in both healthy individuals and those with cardiovascular issues.

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Summary: A recent study explored the link between cadmium exposure and cognitive decline, finding that higher cadmium levels may be associated with thinking and memory problems in white people. The study followed 2,172 people over 10 years, with results showing no association overall but revealing a possible link when analyzing Black and white participants separately.

White participants with high cadmium levels were twice as likely to develop cognitive impairment compared to those with lower levels. However, no similar association was found in Black participants, and further research is needed to confirm these findings.

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