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For the first time, researchers implemented a type of AI called a deep neural network into a photonic (light-based) device. In doing so, they’ve come closer to making a machine that processes what it “sees” like humans do, very quickly and efficiently.

For instance, the photonic deep neural network can classify a single image in less than 570 picoseconds, or nearly 2 billion images per second. To put things into perspective, the frame rate for fluid footage sits between 23 and 120 frames per second.

“Direct, clock-less processing of optical data eliminates analog-to-digital conversion and the requirement for a large memory module, allowing faster and more energy-efficient neural networks for the next generations of deep learning systems,” wrote the authors from the University of Pennsylvania.

Water covers three-quarters of the Earth’s surface and was crucial for the emergence of life, but its origins have remained a subject of active debate among scientists.

Now, a 4.6bn-year-old rock that crashed on to a driveway in Gloucestershire last year has provided some of the most compelling evidence to date that water arrived on Earth from asteroids in the outer solar system.