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While the threat that microplastics pose to human and ecological health has been richly documented and is well known, nanoplastics, which are smaller than one micrometer (1/50th the thickness of an average human hair), are far more reactive, far more mobile and vastly more capable of crossing biological membranes. Yet, because they are so tiny and so mobile, researchers don’t yet have an accurate understanding of just how toxic these particles are.

The first step to understanding the toxicology of nanoplastics is to build a reliable, efficient and flexible tool that can not only quantify their concentration in a given sample, but also analyze which specific plastics that sample contains.

An international team of scientists led by the University of Massachusetts Amherst reports in Nature Water on the development of a new tool, known as the OM-SERS setup, which can do all of these things and can furthermore be used to detect particular nanoplastic concentrations and polymer types in solid samples, such as soils, body tissues and plants.

This Product is supported by the NASA Heliophysics Education Activation Team (NASA HEAT), part of NASA’s Science Activation portfolio.
The material contained in this document is based upon work supported by a National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA) grant or cooperative agreement. Any questions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materials are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of NASA.

Without eclipses, our world would be a lot different because eclipses give us the ability to do science we otherwise wouldn’t be able to.

LEARN MORE
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
- Corona: the outermost part of the Sun’s atmosphere.
- General Relativity: a theory of gravitation developed by Albert Einstein that says that the observed gravitational effect between masses results from their warping of spacetime.
- Lunar Eclipse: an eclipse in which the moon appears darkened as it passes into the earth’s shadow.
- Solar Eclipse : an eclipse in which the sun is obscured by the moon.
- Tidal Friction: strain produced in a celestial body (such as the Earth or Moon) that undergoes cyclic variations in gravitational attraction as it orbits, or is orbited by, a second body.

CREDITS
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Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director.
Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation.
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music.

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info.

OTHER CREDITS

If we unite, we can reach the Age of Beyond.
BTS + Deleted Scenes: https://www.patreon.com/AzeAlter.

Written, Directed & Edited By.
Aze Alter.

Co-Produced By.
Nyukyung.

Voices & Sound Effects:
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[Affiliate Link]

Video Created mainly with Luma:
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LUMA LABS KLING RUNWAY ELEVEN LABS MINIMAX.

A new study of complex systems supports a growing trend that focuses more on analyzing a system’s collective behavior rather than on trying to uncover the underlying interaction mechanisms.

When observing a flock of starlings swirling through the sky in perfect coordination—a phenomenon known as murmuration—we witness the elegant interplay of individual actions creating collective behavior. In trying to understand these mesmerizing patterns, researchers can isolate simple rules based on an individual bird’s field of vision and distance to its neighbors, but there’s always a question of whether the model is really capturing the processes behind the bird interactions (Fig. 1). The problem is a general one in complex systems research, and it comes down to distinguishing mechanisms (the rules governing interactions) from behaviors (the observable patterns that emerge).

A good way to study mechanisms versus behaviors is through representative networks of interacting individuals, or nodes. Traditionally, researchers have focused on pairwise interactions, but many systems also include higher-order interactions between multiple nodes. What impact these higher-order mechanisms have on behaviors has been unclear. Thomas Robiglio from the Central European University in Vienna and colleagues have now addressed this issue by considering networks with higher-order interactions and evaluating the resulting behaviors in terms of statistical dependencies between the node values [1]. The researchers identified higher-order behavioral signatures that—unlike their pairwise counterparts—revealed the presence of higher-order mechanisms.

Past neuroscience and psychology studies have shown that people’s expectations of the world can influence their perceptions, either by directing their attention to expected stimuli or by reducing their sensitivity (i.e., perceptual acuity) to variations within the categories of stimuli we expect to be exposed to.

While the effects of expectations on perceptions are now well-documented, their remain poorly understood.

Researchers at University of California San Diego (UC San Diego) carried out a study involving songbirds aimed at better understanding how -fueled biases in shape brain activity and behavior.