Reservoir computing (RC) is a powerful machine learning module designed to handle tasks involving time-based or sequential data, such as tracking patterns over time or analyzing sequences. It is widely used in areas such as finance, robotics, speech recognition, weather forecasting, natural language processing, and predicting complex nonlinear dynamical systems. What sets RC apart is its efficiency―it delivers powerful results with much lower training costs compared to other methods.

RC uses a fixed, randomly connected network layer, known as the reservoir, to turn input data into a more complex representation. A readout layer then analyzes this representation to find patterns and connections in the data. Unlike traditional neural networks, which require extensive training across multiple network layers, RC only trains the readout layer, typically through a simple linear regression process. This drastically reduces the amount of computation needed, making RC fast and computationally efficient.

Inspired by how the brain works, RC uses a fixed network structure but learns the outputs in an adaptable way. It is especially good at predicting complex systems and can even be used on physical devices (called physical RC) for energy-efficient, high-performance computing. Nevertheless, can it be optimized further?