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What it takes to find crystals almost as old as Earth itself

“We were confident that the rocks of the Champua region were even older than previously thought,” says Mazumder, 53 now an associate professor of applied geosciences at the German University of Technology in Oman.

They were right. In 2,018 they published a paper in the journal Scientific Reports on two zircon crystals they extracted from rocks taken from the Champua site. While the rocks were 3.4 billion years old, the crystals were much older, at an estimated 4 and 4.2 billion years old.

Repetitive behaviors wax and wane among autistic youth

Some types of restricted and repetitive behaviors become more prevalent among autistic children and teenagers over time, depending on their age and intellectual ability, whereas others decrease, two new studies show.

The results lend fresh support to the argument that restricted and repetitive behaviors — a core diagnostic trait that includes repetitive movements, insistence on sameness, sensory sensitivities and restricted interests — are too diverse to be lumped together.

“This is a complex behavioral domain that comprises several different subdomains that likely have different causes and might respond to different treatments,” says Mirko Uljarević, senior research fellow at the University of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, who led one of the studies.

Grow and eat your own vaccines?

The future of vaccines may look more like eating a salad than getting a shot in the arm. UC Riverside scientists are studying whether they can turn edible plants like lettuce into mRNA vaccine factories.

One of the challenges with this new technology is that it must be kept cold to maintain stability during transport and storage. If this new project is successful, plant-based mRNA vaccines — which can be eaten — could overcome this challenge with the ability to be stored at room temperature.

The project’s goals, made possible by a $500,000 grant from the National Science Foundation, are threefold: showing that DNA containing the mRNA vaccines can be successfully delivered into the part of plant cells where it will replicate, demonstrating the plants can produce enough mRNA to rival a traditional shot, and finally, determining the right dosage.

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