In 2011, archaeologists uncovered one of the most — if not the most — pristine dinosaur fossils yet: a near-whole ankylosaur, complete with its jagged spikes, most of its limbs, armor coating, and some of its guts and stomach contents. The most amazing detail, though? Its uncannily preserved face and skin.

It took Mark Mitchell, a technician at Royal Tyrell Museum, an absurd 7,000 hours and nearly six years to meticulously exhume the fossil by delicately chipping away at the surrounding stone. For his efforts, he had the newly discovered specie of nodosaur — a type of ankylosaur — named after him: Borealopelta markmitchelli.

“During preparation, I would piece together the blocks like a puzzle, and the animal started to really take shape,” Mitchell said in a new interview with Ars Technica, describing the painstaking process.

The authors said their work demonstrates the importance of enzyme GCN5 in maintaining the expression of key structural proteins in muscle.

On the possibility of artificially creating a universe.

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We discuss how uncertainty underwrites exploration and epistemic foraging from the perspective of active inference: a generic scheme that places pragmatic (utility maximization) and epistemic (uncertainty minimization) imperatives on an equal footing – as primary determinants of proximal behavior. This formulation contextualizes the complementary motivational incentives for reward-related stimuli and environmental uncertainty, offering a normative treatment of their trade-off.

Salmon is one of the most popular fish in the US. Now, one California startup is growing salmon fillets from cells.

Recycled steel scrap is a low-emitting source of the metal – but we must improve how it is collected and produced in order to help decarbonize the steel industry.

More than one-third of the Amazon rainforest has been degraded by humans, according to a study published Thursday in the journal Science.

Degradation is different from deforestation, the researchers note, as it represents long-term changes in forest conditions that damages its ecosystem and results in carbon emissions greater to those from deforestation.

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New estimates are larger than what scientists previously believed.