Memories that last only seconds shape everyday thinking, and research in mice is revealing how a small brain structure supports an ability impaired in ADHD and schizophrenia.

To understand a sentence, the brain has to keep earlier words in mind as new ones arrive. Working memory makes that possible, holding information for a few seconds so we can compare it with new information, manipulate it, and use it to guide our behavior.

We rely on it to follow conversations, solve problems, and decide what to do next. Yet sensory information fades within moments once a stimulus ends, leaving the brain with the demanding task of maintaining a usable representation of something that is no longer there.